Converting relative path into absolute path?

Question

I'm not sure if these paths are duplicates. Given the relative path, how do I determine absolute path using a shell script?

Example:

relative path: /x/y/../../a/b/z/../c/d

absolute path: /a/b/c/d

Answer 1

Take a look at 'realpath'.

$ realpath

usage: realpath [-q] path [...]

$ realpath ../../../../../

/data/home

Answer 2

May be this helps:

$path = "~user/dir/../file" 
$resolvedPath = glob($path); #   (To resolve paths with '~')
# Since glob does not resolve relative path, we use abs_path 
$absPath      = abs_path($path);

Answer 3

The most reliable method I've come across in unix is readlink -f:

$ readlink -f /x/y/../../a/b/z/../c/d
/a/b/c/d

A couple caveats:

1. This also has the side-effect of resolving all symlinks. This may or may not be desirable, but usually is.
2. readlink will give a blank result if you reference a non-existant directory. If you want to support non-existant paths, use readlink -m instead. Unfortunately this option doesn't exist on versions of readlink released before ~2005.

Answer 4

From this source comes:

#!/bin/bash

# Assume parameter passed in is a relative path to a directory.
# For brevity, we won't do argument type or length checking.

ABS_PATH=`cd "$1"; pwd` # double quotes for paths that contain spaces etc...
echo "Absolute path: $ABS_PATH"

You can also do a Perl one-liner, e.g. using Cwd::abs_path

Answer 5

Since I've run into this many times over the years, and this time around I needed a pure bash portable version that I could use on OSX and linux, I went ahead and wrote one:

The living version lives here:

https://github.com/keen99/shell-functions/tree/master/resolve_path

but for the sake of SO, here's the current version (I feel it's well tested..but I'm open to feedback!)

Might not be difficult to make it work for plain bourne shell (sh), but I didn't try...I like $FUNCNAME too much. :)

#!/bin/bash

resolve_path() {
    #I'm bash only, please!
    # usage:  resolve_path <a file or directory> 
    # follows symlinks and relative paths, returns a full real path
    #
    local owd="$PWD"
    #echo "$FUNCNAME for $1" >&2
    local opath="$1"
    local npath=""
    local obase=$(basename "$opath")
    local odir=$(dirname "$opath")
    if [[ -L "$opath" ]]
    then
    #it's a link.
    #file or directory, we want to cd into it's dir
        cd $odir
    #then extract where the link points.
        npath=$(readlink "$obase")
        #have to -L BEFORE we -f, because -f includes -L :(
        if [[ -L $npath ]]
         then
        #the link points to another symlink, so go follow that.
            resolve_path "$npath"
            #and finish out early, we're done.
            return $?
            #done
        elif [[ -f $npath ]]
        #the link points to a file.
         then
            #get the dir for the new file
            nbase=$(basename $npath)
            npath=$(dirname $npath)
            cd "$npath"
            ndir=$(pwd -P)
            retval=0
            #done
        elif [[ -d $npath ]]
         then
        #the link points to a directory.
            cd "$npath"
            ndir=$(pwd -P)
            retval=0
            #done
        else
            echo "$FUNCNAME: ERROR: unknown condition inside link!!" >&2
            echo "opath [[ $opath ]]" >&2
            echo "npath [[ $npath ]]" >&2
            return 1
        fi
    else
        if ! [[ -e "$opath" ]]
         then
            echo "$FUNCNAME: $opath: No such file or directory" >&2
            return 1
            #and break early
        elif [[ -d "$opath" ]]
         then 
            cd "$opath"
            ndir=$(pwd -P)
            retval=0
            #done
        elif [[ -f "$opath" ]]
         then
            cd $odir
            ndir=$(pwd -P)
            nbase=$(basename "$opath")
            retval=0
            #done
        else
            echo "$FUNCNAME: ERROR: unknown condition outside link!!" >&2
            echo "opath [[ $opath ]]" >&2
            return 1
        fi
    fi
    #now assemble our output
    echo -n "$ndir"
    if [[ "x${nbase:=}" != "x" ]]
     then
        echo "/$nbase"
    else 
        echo
    fi
    #now return to where we were
    cd "$owd"
    return $retval
}

here's a classic example, thanks to brew:

%% ls -l `which mvn`
lrwxr-xr-x  1 draistrick  502  29 Dec 17 10:50 /usr/local/bin/mvn@ -> ../Cellar/maven/3.2.3/bin/mvn

use this function and it will return the -real- path:

%% cat test.sh
#!/bin/bash
. resolve_path.inc
echo
echo "relative symlinked path:"
which mvn
echo
echo "and the real path:"
resolve_path `which mvn`


%% test.sh

relative symlinked path:
/usr/local/bin/mvn

and the real path:
/usr/local/Cellar/maven/3.2.3/libexec/bin/mvn

Answer 6

Using bash

# Directory
relative_dir="folder/subfolder/"
absolute_dir="$( cd "$relative_dir" && pwd )"

# File
relative_file="folder/subfolder/file"
absolute_file="$( cd "${relative_file%/*}" && pwd )"/"${relative_file##*/}"

• ${relative_file%/*} is same result as dirname "$relative_file"
• ${relative_file##*/} is same result as basename "$relative_file"

Caveats: Does not resolve symbolic links (i.e. does not canonicalize path ) => May not differentiate all duplicates if you use symbolic links.

---

Using realpath

Command realpath does the job. An alternative is to use readlink -e (or readlink -f). However realpath is not often installed by default. If you cannot be sure realpath or readlink is present, you can substitute it using perl (see below).

---

Using perl

Steven Kramer proposes a shell alias if realpath is not available in your system:

$ alias realpath="perl -MCwd -e 'print Cwd::realpath(\$ARGV[0]),qq<\n>'"
$ realpath path/folder/file
/home/user/absolute/path/folder/file

or if you prefer using directly perl:

$ perl -MCwd -e 'print Cwd::realpath($ARGV[0]),qq<\n>' path/folder/file
/home/user/absolute/path/folder/file

This one-line perl command uses Cwd::realpath. There are in fact three perl functions. They take a single argument and return the absolute pathname. Below details are from documentation Perl5 > Core modules > Cwd.

• abs_path() uses the same algorithm as getcwd(). Symbolic links and relative-path components (. and ..) are resolved to return the canonical pathname, just like realpath.

  use Cwd 'abs_path';
  my $abs_path = abs_path($file);
  

• realpath() is a synonym for abs_path()

  use Cwd 'realpath';
  my $abs_path = realpath($file);
  

• fast_abs_path() is a more dangerous, but potentially faster version of abs_path()

  use Cwd 'fast_abs_path';
  my $abs_path = fast_abs_path($file);
  

These functions are exported only on request => therefore use Cwd to avoid the "Undefined subroutine" error as pointed out by arielf. If you want to import all these three functions, you can use a single use Cwd line:

use Cwd qw(abs_path realpath fast_abs_path);