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I was thinking about switching from AWS Elastic Block Storage to AWS Elastic Filesystem (mainly for the easy scalability, also shareable storage seems nice).
At the moment I have one debian EC2 instance with one EBS volume. What's the easiest way to transfer my data from EBS to EFS?
The fastest way to achieve this is mount that EFS file system to your EC2 instance with EBS and then transfer the data from your EBS to EFS.
Follow this guide for mounting the EFS to your EC2 instance. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/efs/latest/ug/mounting-fs.html
EFS is good for sharing data between multiple EC2 instances, but you would still want to use EBS for the root drive (boot volume) of your instance.
You cannot boot from an EFS volume.
You mention that you have "one debian EC2 instance with one EBS volume". However, it is generally best to keep data separate from the boot volume (eg in a database, an S3 bucket or in EFS). This allows the instance to be recreated from an AMI in case of problems, without losing data.
If you wish to move/copy data to an EFS volume, just use normal filesystem commands (eg
cp -r).