In the Microsoft DirectShow documentation there appear to be no RGB video or image formats with more than 8 bits per channel. There are some YUV formats with 10 or 16 bits per channel but I've not found much support for them by googling.
Are there any supported DirectShow formats or FourCC video or image formats (third party or not) for greater definition than 8 bits per channel?
DirectShow itself - as the framework - has no problems supporting 10 bpp and more, it's a matter of video renderers and video adapters to support these formats. Some professional hardware from Balckmagic definitely supports 10 bpp formats, including within DirectShow API.