Why should I isolate my domain entities from my pr

Question

One part of domain-driven design that there doesn't seem to be a lot of detail on, is how and why you should isolate your domain model from your interface. I'm trying to convince my colleagues that this is a good practice, but I don't seem to be making much headway...

They use domain entities where ever they please in the presentation and interface layers. When I argue to them that they should be using display models or DTOs to insulate the Domain layer from the interface layer, they counter that they don't see the business value in doing something like that, because now you have a UI object to maintain as well as the original domain object.

So I'm looking for some concrete reasons I can use to back this up. Specifically:

1. Why should we not use domain objects in our presentation layer?
   (if the answer is the obvious one, 'decoupling', then please explain why this is important in this context)
2. Should we use additional objects or constructs to isolate our domain objects from the interface?

Answer 1

With the help of tool like 'Value Injecter' and the concept of 'Mappers' in the presentation layer while working with views, it's much more easy to understand each piece of code. If you have a little bit of code, you will not see the advantages immediately but when your project will growing more and more, you will be very happy while working with the views to don't have to enter into the logic of the services, repositories to understand the view model. View Model is another guard in the vast world of anti-corruption layer and worth its weight in gold in a long term project.

The only reason why I see no advantage of using view model is if your project is small and simple enough to have views binded directly to each property of your model. But if in the futur, the requirement change and some controls in the views will not be binded to the model and you don't have a view model concept, you will start adding patches in many places and you will begin having a legacy code that you will not appreciate. Sure, you can do some refactoring to transform your view-model in view-viewmodel and follow the YAGNI principle while not adding code if you don't need it but for myself, it's much more a best practice that I must follow to add a presentation layer exposing only view-model objects.

Answer 2

I have struggled with this myself. There are cases where a DTO makes sense to use in presentaton. Let's say I want to show a drop down of Companies in my system and I need their id to bind the value to.

Well instead of loading a CompanyObject which might have references to subscriptions or who knows what else, I could send back a DTO with the name and id. This is a good use IMHO.

Now take another example. I have an object which represents an Estimate, this estimate might be made up labor, equipment etc, it might have lots of calculations that are defined by the user which take all these items and sum them up (Each estimate could be different with different types of calculations). Why should I have to model this object twice? Why can't I simply have my UI enumerate over the calculations and display them?

I generally do not use DTO's to isolate my domain layer from my UI. I do use them to isolate my domain layer from a boundary that is outside of my control. The idea that someone would put navigation information in their business object is ridiculous, don't contaminate your business object.

The idea that someone would put validation in their business object? Well I say that this is a good thing. Your UI should not have sole responsability to validate your business objects. Your business layer MUST do its own validation.

Why would you put UI generation code in a busienss object? In my case I have seperate objects which generates the UI code seperatley from the UI. I have sperate objects which render my business objects into Xml, the idea that you have to seperate your layers to prevent this type of contamination is so alien to me because why would you even put HTML generation code in a business object...

Edit As I think a little bit more, there are cases where UI information might belong in the domain layer. And this might cloud what you call a domain layer but I worked on a multi-tenant application, which had very different behavior both UI look and feel and functional workflow. Depending on various factors. In this case we had a domain model that represented the tenants and their configuration. Their configuration happened to include UI information (Label's for generic fields for example).

If I had to design my objects to make them persistable, should I also have to duplicate the objects? Keep in mind if you want to add a new field now you have two places to add it. Perhaps this raises another question if your using DDD, are all persisted entities domain objects? I know in my example they were.

Answer 3

You do it for the same reason you keep SQL out of your ASP/JSP pages.

If you keep only one domain object, for use in the presentation AND domain layer, then that one object soon gets monolithic. It starts to include UI validation code, UI navigation code, and UI generation code. Then, you soon add all of the business layer methods on top of that. Now your business layer and UI are all mixed up, and all of them are messing around at the domain entity layer.

You want to reuse that nifty UI widget in another app? Well, You have to create a database with this name, these two schemas, and these 18 tables. You must also configure Hibernate and Spring ( or your frameworks of choice ) to do the business validation. Oh, you must also include these 85 other non-related classes because they are referenced in the business layer, which just happens to be in the same file.

Answer 4

It's about dependencies for the most part. The core functional structure of the organization has its own functional requirements, and the UI should enable people to modify and view the core; but the core itself should not be required to accommodate the UI. (If it needs to happen, it's usually an indication the core is not property designed.)

My accounting system has a structure and content (and data) that are supposed to model the operation of my company. That structure is real and exists regardless of what accounting software I use. (Inevitably a given software package contains structure and content for its own sake, but part of the challenge is minimizing this overhead.)

Basically a person has a job to do. The DDD should match the flow and content of the job. DDD is about making explicit all the jobs that need being done ad completely and independently as possible. Then the UI hopefully facilitates getting the job done as transparently as possible, as productively as possible.

Interfaces are about the inputs and views provided for the properly modeled and invariant functional core.

Answer 5

We are using the same model in the server and on the ui. And it's a pain. We have to refactor it some day.

The problems are mainly because the domain model needs to be cut into smaller pieces to be able to serialize it without having the whole database referenced. This makes it harder to use on the server. Important links are missing. Some types are also not serializable and can't be sent to the client. For instance 'Type' or any generic class. They need to be non-generic and Type needs to be transferred as string. This generates extra properties for serialization, they are redundant and confusing.

Another problem is that the entities on the UI don't really fit. We are using databinding and many entities have lots of redundant properties only for ui purposes. Additionally there are many 'BrowsableAttribute' and others in the entity model. This is really bad.

At the end, I think it is just a matter of which way is easier. There might by projects where it just works fine and where is no need to write another DTO model.

Answer 6

Perhaps you are not conceptualizing the UI layer in broad enough terms. Think in terms of multiple forms of response (web pages, voice response, printed letters etc) and in terms of multiple languages (English, French etc.).

Now suppose that the speech engine for the telephone call-in system runs on a completely different type of computer (Mac for example) from the computer that runs the website (Windows perhaps).

Of course it is easy to fall into the trap "Well in my company we only care about English, run our website on LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP) and everyone uses the same version of Firefox". But what about in 5 or 10 years?