Are characters signed or unsigned?

Question

What are the possible situations where would we need a signed char? I guess the only use of this is in conversion of a char quantity to an integer.

Answer 1

The reason why compilers are allowed to make plain char signed is that back in the very early days of the C programming language, every integer type was signed. By the time unsigned types were added to the language, there must already have been too much existing code that did things like store -1 in a char variable as a sentinel value, that it was not feasible to to change the compilers on existing systems such that char was unsigned. There probably wasn't any great pressure for unsigned chars anyway; the early development of C happened on 7-bit ASCII.

As C was ported to platforms where there were 8-bit printable characters (such as IBM mainframes speaking EBCDIC or the PC), compilers there made char unsigned because having a printable character with a negative value would be an even larger portability nightmare than not being able to store -1 in a char. On the other hand, this led to the current situation where portable code cannot make any assumptions about the signedness of char.

Answer 2

Inline with what you mentioned, char are 8 bit integer values. You wouldn't strictly need them to be negative for most practical purpose. Since, they must be represented as bits and allow arithmetic operations to be performed on them, they are represented as int. Of course, you have unsigned char also.

Answer 3

In the code bellow:

signed char c = -1;
printf("%c %d\n", c, c);
c = c >> 1;
printf("%c %d\n", c, c);

The result will be different if you use an unsigned char instead of a signed char (at least, it is on my "AMD Athlon(tm) 64 Processor" with gcc under cygwin). The reason for that is when you right shift an unsigned value, it is padded with zero, and when you do the same with a signed value that is negative, it is padded with one.

Is this useful though, I cannot tell... but this is a situation where the sign of a char matter.

Answer 4

If I remember right, a "char" may be signed or unsigned (it depends on the compiler/implementation). If you need an unsigned char you should explicitly ask for it (with "unsigned char") and if you need a signed char you should explicitly ask for it (with "signed char").

A "char" is just a (typically 8-bit) integer. It has nothing to do with characters.

A character could be anything, depending on what you're doing. I prefer using "uint32_t" and Unicode (UTF-32). For crusty old/broken software that uses ASCII, a char is fine (regardless of whether "char" is signed or unsigned). For UTF-8 you'd probably want to use "unsigned char" or "uint8_t".

You might also be tempted to try to use "wchar_t" (and the "wchar.h" header), but there's lots of ways that can go wrong (do some research if you're tempted).

Answer 5

char is an integer, usually with a width of 8 bits. But because its signedness is implementation defined (ie depends on compiler), it is probably not a good idea to use it for arithmetic. Use unsigned char or signed char instead, or if you want to enforce the width, use uint8_t and int8_t from stdint.h.

Answer 6

In any place where you want to represent a value in the range [-128, 127] an signed char is fit. If you have a struct with many fields that will be instantiated a lot of times it is relevant to keep the data types as small as possible.