The OAuth 2.0 specification defines the Resource Owner Password Credentials Grant Type, which allows the resource owner password credentials (i.e. username and password) to be used directly as an authorization grant to obtain an access token.
I want to allow a user to 'login via Facebook' on the client instead of providing the credentials directly. The client could then exchange the user's Facebook access token for an access token for the authorization server. Does this scheme fit into the framework of OAuth2?
Does it mean you have 2 Authorization servers (one of Facebook and another - your private one) in mind? If yes - you're abusing OAuth and should use Authorization Code Grant scheme instead.
On Figure 5 from OAuth 2.0 spec (v25) you can find workflow definition:
This is a quote from Facebook http://developers.facebook.com/docs/guides/web/ :
In both places you have one and only one Authorization server - in your case - the Facebook.