URL Encoding using C#

2018-12-31 16:14发布

I have an application which sends a POST request to the VB forum software and logs someone in (without setting cookies or anything).

Once the user is logged in I create a variable that creates a path on their local machine.

c:\tempfolder\date\username

The problem is that some usernames are throwing "Illegal chars" exception. For example if my username was mas|fenix it would throw an exception..

Path.Combine( _      
  Environment.GetFolderPath(System.Environment.SpecialFolder.CommonApplicationData), _
  DateTime.Now.ToString("ddMMyyhhmm") + "-" + form1.username)

I don't want to remove it from the string, but a folder with their username is created through FTP on a server. And this leads to my second question. If I am creating a folder on the server can I leave the "illegal chars" in? I only ask this because the server is Linux based, and I am not sure if Linux accepts it or not.

EDIT: It seems that URL encode is NOT what I want.. Here's what I want to do:

old username = mas|fenix
new username = mas%xxfenix

Where %xx is the ASCII value or any other value that would easily identify the character.

12条回答
看风景的人
2楼-- · 2018-12-31 16:50

I've been experimenting with the various methods .NET provide for URL encoding. Perhaps the following table will be useful (as output from a test app I wrote):

Unencoded UrlEncoded UrlEncodedUnicode UrlPathEncoded EscapedDataString EscapedUriString HtmlEncoded HtmlAttributeEncoded HexEscaped
A         A          A                 A              A                 A                A           A                    %41
B         B          B                 B              B                 B                B           B                    %42

a         a          a                 a              a                 a                a           a                    %61
b         b          b                 b              b                 b                b           b                    %62

0         0          0                 0              0                 0                0           0                    %30
1         1          1                 1              1                 1                1           1                    %31

[space]   +          +                 %20            %20               %20              [space]     [space]              %20
!         !          !                 !              !                 !                !           !                    %21
"         %22        %22               "              %22               %22              "      "               %22
#         %23        %23               #              %23               #                #           #                    %23
$         %24        %24               $              %24               $                $           $                    %24
%         %25        %25               %              %25               %25              %           %                    %25
&         %26        %26               &              %26               &                &       &                %26
'         %27        %27               '              '                 '                '       '                %27
(         (          (                 (              (                 (                (           (                    %28
)         )          )                 )              )                 )                )           )                    %29
*         *          *                 *              %2A               *                *           *                    %2A
+         %2b        %2b               +              %2B               +                +           +                    %2B
,         %2c        %2c               ,              %2C               ,                ,           ,                    %2C
-         -          -                 -              -                 -                -           -                    %2D
.         .          .                 .              .                 .                .           .                    %2E
/         %2f        %2f               /              %2F               /                /           /                    %2F
:         %3a        %3a               :              %3A               :                :           :                    %3A
;         %3b        %3b               ;              %3B               ;                ;           ;                    %3B
<         %3c        %3c               <              %3C               %3C              &lt;        &lt;                 %3C
=         %3d        %3d               =              %3D               =                =           =                    %3D
>         %3e        %3e               >              %3E               %3E              &gt;        >                    %3E
?         %3f        %3f               ?              %3F               ?                ?           ?                    %3F
@         %40        %40               @              %40               @                @           @                    %40
[         %5b        %5b               [              %5B               %5B              [           [                    %5B
\         %5c        %5c               \              %5C               %5C              \           \                    %5C
]         %5d        %5d               ]              %5D               %5D              ]           ]                    %5D
^         %5e        %5e               ^              %5E               %5E              ^           ^                    %5E
_         _          _                 _              _                 _                _           _                    %5F
`         %60        %60               `              %60               %60              `           `                    %60
{         %7b        %7b               {              %7B               %7B              {           {                    %7B
|         %7c        %7c               |              %7C               %7C              |           |                    %7C
}         %7d        %7d               }              %7D               %7D              }           }                    %7D
~         %7e        %7e               ~              ~                 ~                ~           ~                    %7E

Ā         %c4%80     %u0100            %c4%80         %C4%80            %C4%80           Ā           Ā                    [OoR]
ā         %c4%81     %u0101            %c4%81         %C4%81            %C4%81           ā           ā                    [OoR]
Ē         %c4%92     %u0112            %c4%92         %C4%92            %C4%92           Ē           Ē                    [OoR]
ē         %c4%93     %u0113            %c4%93         %C4%93            %C4%93           ē           ē                    [OoR]
Ī         %c4%aa     %u012a            %c4%aa         %C4%AA            %C4%AA           Ī           Ī                    [OoR]
ī         %c4%ab     %u012b            %c4%ab         %C4%AB            %C4%AB           ī           ī                    [OoR]
Ō         %c5%8c     %u014c            %c5%8c         %C5%8C            %C5%8C           Ō           Ō                    [OoR]
ō         %c5%8d     %u014d            %c5%8d         %C5%8D            %C5%8D           ō           ō                    [OoR]
Ū         %c5%aa     %u016a            %c5%aa         %C5%AA            %C5%AA           Ū           Ū                    [OoR]
ū         %c5%ab     %u016b            %c5%ab         %C5%AB            %C5%AB           ū           ū                    [OoR]

The columns represent encodings as follows:

  • UrlEncoded: HttpUtility.UrlEncode

  • UrlEncodedUnicode: HttpUtility.UrlEncodeUnicode

  • UrlPathEncoded: HttpUtility.UrlPathEncode

  • EscapedDataString: Uri.EscapeDataString

  • EscapedUriString: Uri.EscapeUriString

  • HtmlEncoded: HttpUtility.HtmlEncode

  • HtmlAttributeEncoded: HttpUtility.HtmlAttributeEncode

  • HexEscaped: Uri.HexEscape

NOTES:

  1. HexEscape can only handle the first 255 characters. Therefore it throws an ArgumentOutOfRange exception for the Latin A-Extended characters (eg Ā).

  2. This table was generated in .NET 4.0 (see Levi Botelho's comment below that says the encoding in .NET 4.5 is slightly different).

EDIT:

I've added a second table with the encodings for .NET 4.5. See this answer: https://stackoverflow.com/a/21771206/216440

EDIT 2:

Since people seem to appreciate these tables, I thought you might like the source code that generates the table, so you can play around yourselves. It's a simple C# console application, which can target either .NET 4.0 or 4.5:

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
// Need to add a Reference to the System.Web assembly.
using System.Web;

namespace UriEncodingDEMO2
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            EncodeStrings();

            Console.WriteLine();
            Console.WriteLine("Press any key to continue...");
            Console.Read();
        }

        public static void EncodeStrings()
        {
            string stringToEncode = "ABCD" + "abcd"
            + "0123" + " !\"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~" + "ĀāĒēĪīŌōŪū";

            // Need to set the console encoding to display non-ASCII characters correctly (eg the 
            //  Latin A-Extended characters such as ĀāĒē...).
            Console.OutputEncoding = Encoding.UTF8;

            // Will also need to set the console font (in the console Properties dialog) to a font 
            //  that displays the extended character set correctly.
            // The following fonts all display the extended characters correctly:
            //  Consolas
            //  DejaVu Sana Mono
            //  Lucida Console

            // Also, in the console Properties, set the Screen Buffer Size and the Window Size 
            //  Width properties to at least 140 characters, to display the full width of the 
            //  table that is generated.

            Dictionary<string, Func<string, string>> columnDetails =
                new Dictionary<string, Func<string, string>>();
            columnDetails.Add("Unencoded", (unencodedString => unencodedString));
            columnDetails.Add("UrlEncoded",
                (unencodedString => HttpUtility.UrlEncode(unencodedString)));
            columnDetails.Add("UrlEncodedUnicode",
                (unencodedString => HttpUtility.UrlEncodeUnicode(unencodedString)));
            columnDetails.Add("UrlPathEncoded",
                (unencodedString => HttpUtility.UrlPathEncode(unencodedString)));
            columnDetails.Add("EscapedDataString",
                (unencodedString => Uri.EscapeDataString(unencodedString)));
            columnDetails.Add("EscapedUriString",
                (unencodedString => Uri.EscapeUriString(unencodedString)));
            columnDetails.Add("HtmlEncoded",
                (unencodedString => HttpUtility.HtmlEncode(unencodedString)));
            columnDetails.Add("HtmlAttributeEncoded",
                (unencodedString => HttpUtility.HtmlAttributeEncode(unencodedString)));
            columnDetails.Add("HexEscaped",
                (unencodedString
                    =>
                    {
                        // Uri.HexEscape can only handle the first 255 characters so for the 
                        //  Latin A-Extended characters, such as A, it will throw an 
                        //  ArgumentOutOfRange exception.                       
                        try
                        {
                            return Uri.HexEscape(unencodedString.ToCharArray()[0]);
                        }
                        catch
                        {
                            return "[OoR]";
                        }
                    }));

            char[] charactersToEncode = stringToEncode.ToCharArray();
            string[] stringCharactersToEncode = Array.ConvertAll<char, string>(charactersToEncode,
                (character => character.ToString()));
            DisplayCharacterTable<string>(stringCharactersToEncode, columnDetails);
        }

        private static void DisplayCharacterTable<TUnencoded>(TUnencoded[] unencodedArray,
            Dictionary<string, Func<TUnencoded, string>> mappings)
        {
            foreach (string key in mappings.Keys)
            {
                Console.Write(key.Replace(" ", "[space]") + " ");
            }
            Console.WriteLine();

            foreach (TUnencoded unencodedObject in unencodedArray)
            {
                string stringCharToEncode = unencodedObject.ToString();
                foreach (string columnHeader in mappings.Keys)
                {
                    int columnWidth = columnHeader.Length + 1;
                    Func<TUnencoded, string> encoder = mappings[columnHeader];
                    string encodedString = encoder(unencodedObject);

                    // ASSUMPTION: Column header will always be wider than encoded string.
                    Console.Write(encodedString.Replace(" ", "[space]").PadRight(columnWidth));
                }
                Console.WriteLine();
            }
        }
    }
}
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琉璃瓶的回忆
3楼-- · 2018-12-31 16:51

Ideally these would go in a class called "FileNaming" or maybe just rename Encode to "FileNameEncode". Note: these are not designed to handle Full Paths, just the folder and/or file names. Ideally you would Split("/") your full path first and then check the pieces. And obviously instead of a union, you could just add the "%" character to the list of chars not allowed in Windows, but I think it's more helpful/readable/factual this way. Decode() is exactly the same but switches the Replace(Uri.HexEscape(s[0]), s) "escaped" with the character.

public static List<string> urlEncodedCharacters = new List<string>
{
  "/", "\\", "<", ">", ":", "\"", "|", "?", "%" //and others, but not *
};
//Since this is a superset of urlEncodedCharacters, we won't be able to only use UrlEncode() - instead we'll use HexEncode
public static List<string> specialCharactersNotAllowedInWindows = new List<string>
{
  "/", "\\", "<", ">", ":", "\"", "|", "?", "*" //windows dissallowed character set
};

    public static string Encode(string fileName)
    {
        //CheckForFullPath(fileName); // optional: make sure it's not a path?
        List<string> charactersToChange = new List<string>(specialCharactersNotAllowedInWindows);
        charactersToChange.AddRange(urlEncodedCharacters.
            Where(x => !urlEncodedCharacters.Union(specialCharactersNotAllowedInWindows).Contains(x)));   // add any non duplicates (%)

        charactersToChange.ForEach(s => fileName = fileName.Replace(s, Uri.HexEscape(s[0])));   // "?" => "%3f"

        return fileName;
    }

Thanks @simon-tewsi for the very usefull table above!

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何处买醉
4楼-- · 2018-12-31 16:55

You should encode only the user name or other part of the URL that could be invalid. URL encoding a URL can lead to problems since something like this:

string url = HttpUtility.UrlEncode("http://www.google.com/search?q=Example");

Will yield

http%3a%2f%2fwww.google.com%2fsearch%3fq%3dExample

This is obviously not going to work well. Instead, you should encode ONLY the value of the key/value pair in the query string, like this:

string url = "http://www.google.com/search?q=" + HttpUtility.UrlEncode("Example");

Hopefully that helps. Also, as teedyay mentioned, you'll still need to make sure illegal file-name characters are removed or else the file system won't like the path.

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冷夜・残月
5楼-- · 2018-12-31 16:55

Since .NET Framework 4.5 you can use WebUtility.UrlEncode.

First, it resides in System.dll, so it does not require any additional references.

Second, it properly escapes characters for URLs, unlike Uri.EscapeUriString (see comments to drweb86's answer).

Third, it does not have any limits on the length of the string, unlike Uri.EscapeDataString (see related question), so it can be used for POST requests, for example.

Fourth, it is available on WinRT, unlike HttpUtility (see related question).

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倾城一夜雪
6楼-- · 2018-12-31 16:55

Levi Botelho commented that the table of encodings that was previously generated is no longer accurate for .NET 4.5, since the encodings changed slightly between .NET 4.0 and 4.5. So I've regenerated the table for .NET 4.5:

Unencoded UrlEncoded UrlEncodedUnicode UrlPathEncoded WebUtilityUrlEncoded EscapedDataString EscapedUriString HtmlEncoded HtmlAttributeEncoded WebUtilityHtmlEncoded HexEscaped
A         A          A                 A              A                    A                 A                A           A                    A                     %41
B         B          B                 B              B                    B                 B                B           B                    B                     %42

a         a          a                 a              a                    a                 a                a           a                    a                     %61
b         b          b                 b              b                    b                 b                b           b                    b                     %62

0         0          0                 0              0                    0                 0                0           0                    0                     %30
1         1          1                 1              1                    1                 1                1           1                    1                     %31

[space]   +          +                 %20            +                    %20               %20              [space]     [space]              [space]               %20
!         !          !                 !              !                    %21               !                !           !                    !                     %21
"         %22        %22               "              %22                  %22               %22              &quot;      &quot;               &quot;                %22
#         %23        %23               #              %23                  %23               #                #           #                    #                     %23
$         %24        %24               $              %24                  %24               $                $           $                    $                     %24
%         %25        %25               %              %25                  %25               %25              %           %                    %                     %25
&         %26        %26               &              %26                  %26               &                &amp;       &amp;                &amp;                 %26
'         %27        %27               '              %27                  %27               '                &#39;       &#39;                &#39;                 %27
(         (          (                 (              (                    %28               (                (           (                    (                     %28
)         )          )                 )              )                    %29               )                )           )                    )                     %29
*         *          *                 *              *                    %2A               *                *           *                    *                     %2A
+         %2b        %2b               +              %2B                  %2B               +                +           +                    +                     %2B
,         %2c        %2c               ,              %2C                  %2C               ,                ,           ,                    ,                     %2C
-         -          -                 -              -                    -                 -                -           -                    -                     %2D
.         .          .                 .              .                    .                 .                .           .                    .                     %2E
/         %2f        %2f               /              %2F                  %2F               /                /           /                    /                     %2F
:         %3a        %3a               :              %3A                  %3A               :                :           :                    :                     %3A
;         %3b        %3b               ;              %3B                  %3B               ;                ;           ;                    ;                     %3B
<         %3c        %3c               <              %3C                  %3C               %3C              &lt;        &lt;                 &lt;                  %3C
=         %3d        %3d               =              %3D                  %3D               =                =           =                    =                     %3D
>         %3e        %3e               >              %3E                  %3E               %3E              &gt;        >                    &gt;                  %3E
?         %3f        %3f               ?              %3F                  %3F               ?                ?           ?                    ?                     %3F
@         %40        %40               @              %40                  %40               @                @           @                    @                     %40
[         %5b        %5b               [              %5B                  %5B               [                [           [                    [                     %5B
\         %5c        %5c               \              %5C                  %5C               %5C              \           \                    \                     %5C
]         %5d        %5d               ]              %5D                  %5D               ]                ]           ]                    ]                     %5D
^         %5e        %5e               ^              %5E                  %5E               %5E              ^           ^                    ^                     %5E
_         _          _                 _              _                    _                 _                _           _                    _                     %5F
`         %60        %60               `              %60                  %60               %60              `           `                    `                     %60
{         %7b        %7b               {              %7B                  %7B               %7B              {           {                    {                     %7B
|         %7c        %7c               |              %7C                  %7C               %7C              |           |                    |                     %7C
}         %7d        %7d               }              %7D                  %7D               %7D              }           }                    }                     %7D
~         %7e        %7e               ~              %7E                  ~                 ~                ~           ~                    ~                     %7E

Ā         %c4%80     %u0100            %c4%80         %C4%80               %C4%80            %C4%80           Ā           Ā                    Ā                     [OoR]
ā         %c4%81     %u0101            %c4%81         %C4%81               %C4%81            %C4%81           ā           ā                    ā                     [OoR]
Ē         %c4%92     %u0112            %c4%92         %C4%92               %C4%92            %C4%92           Ē           Ē                    Ē                     [OoR]
ē         %c4%93     %u0113            %c4%93         %C4%93               %C4%93            %C4%93           ē           ē                    ē                     [OoR]
Ī         %c4%aa     %u012a            %c4%aa         %C4%AA               %C4%AA            %C4%AA           Ī           Ī                    Ī                     [OoR]
ī         %c4%ab     %u012b            %c4%ab         %C4%AB               %C4%AB            %C4%AB           ī           ī                    ī                     [OoR]
Ō         %c5%8c     %u014c            %c5%8c         %C5%8C               %C5%8C            %C5%8C           Ō           Ō                    Ō                     [OoR]
ō         %c5%8d     %u014d            %c5%8d         %C5%8D               %C5%8D            %C5%8D           ō           ō                    ō                     [OoR]
Ū         %c5%aa     %u016a            %c5%aa         %C5%AA               %C5%AA            %C5%AA           Ū           Ū                    Ū                     [OoR]
ū         %c5%ab     %u016b            %c5%ab         %C5%AB               %C5%AB            %C5%AB           ū           ū                    ū                     [OoR]

The columns represent encodings as follows:

  • UrlEncoded: HttpUtility.UrlEncode
  • UrlEncodedUnicode: HttpUtility.UrlEncodeUnicode
  • UrlPathEncoded: HttpUtility.UrlPathEncode
  • WebUtilityUrlEncoded: WebUtility.UrlEncode
  • EscapedDataString: Uri.EscapeDataString
  • EscapedUriString: Uri.EscapeUriString
  • HtmlEncoded: HttpUtility.HtmlEncode
  • HtmlAttributeEncoded: HttpUtility.HtmlAttributeEncode
  • WebUtilityHtmlEncoded: WebUtility.HtmlEncode
  • HexEscaped: Uri.HexEscape

NOTES:

  1. HexEscape can only handle the first 255 characters. Therefore it throws an ArgumentOutOfRange exception for the Latin A-Extended characters (eg Ā).

  2. This table was generated in .NET 4.5 (see answer https://stackoverflow.com/a/11236038/216440 for the encodings relevant to .NET 4.0 and below).

EDIT:

  1. As a result of Discord's answer I added the new WebUtility UrlEncode and HtmlEncode methods, which were introduced in .NET 4.5.
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像晚风撩人
7楼-- · 2018-12-31 17:00

The .NET implementation of UrlEncode does not comply with RFC 3986.

  1. Some characters are not encoded but should be. The !()* characters are listed in the RFC's section 2.2 as a reserved characters that must be encoded yet .NET fails to encode these characters.

  2. Some characters are encoded but should not be. The .-_ characters are not listed in the RFC's section 2.2 as a reserved character that should not be encoded yet .NET erroneously encodes these characters.

  3. The RFC specifies that to be consistent, implementations should use upper-case HEXDIG, where .NET produces lower-case HEXDIG.

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