Garbage Collection in C++ — why?

Question

I keep hearing people complaining that C++ doesn't have garbage collection. I also hear that the C++ Standards Committee is looking at adding it to the language. I'm afraid I just don't see the point to it... using RAII with smart pointers eliminates the need for it, right?

My only experience with garbage collection was on a couple of cheap eighties home computers, where it meant that the system would freeze up for a few seconds every so often. I'm sure it has improved since then, but as you can guess, that didn't leave me with a high opinion of it.

What advantages could garbage collection offer an experienced C++ developer?

Answer 1

Garbage collection makes RCU lockless synchronization much easier to implement correctly and efficiently.

Answer 2

I don't understand how one can argue that RAII replaces GC, or is vastly superior. There are many cases handled by a gc that RAII simply cannot deal with at all. They are different beasts.

First, RAII is not bullet proof: it works against some common failures which are pervasive in C++, but there are many cases where RAII does not help at all; it is fragile to asynchronous events (like signals under UNIX). Fundamentally, RAII relies on scoping: when a variable is out of scope, it is automatically freed (assuming the destructor is correctly implemented of course).

Here is a simple example where neither auto_ptr or RAII can help you:

#include <signal.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include <memory>

using namespace std;

volatile sig_atomic_t got_sigint = 0;

class A {
        public:
                A() { printf("ctor\n"); };
                ~A() { printf("dtor\n"); };
};

void catch_sigint (int sig)
{
        got_sigint = 1;
}

/* Emulate expensive computation */
void do_something()
{
        sleep(3);
}

void handle_sigint()
{
        printf("Caught SIGINT\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

int main (void)
{
        A a;
        auto_ptr<A> aa(new A);

        signal(SIGINT, catch_sigint);

        while (1) {
                if (got_sigint == 0) {
                        do_something();
                } else {
                        handle_sigint();
                        return -1;
                }
        }
}

The destructor of A will never be called. Of course, it is an artificial and somewhat contrived example, but a similar situation can actually happen; for example when your code is called by another code which handles SIGINT and which you have no control over at all (concrete example: mex extensions in matlab). It is the same reason why finally in python does not guarantee execution of something. Gc can help you in this case.

Other idioms do not play well with this: in any non trivial program, you will need stateful objects (I am using the word object in a very broad sense here, it can be any construction allowed by the language); if you need to control the state outside one function, you can't easily do that with RAII (which is why RAII is not that helpful for asynchronous programming). OTOH, gc have a view of the whole memory of your process, that is it knows about all the objects it allocated, and can clean asynchronously.

It can also be much faster to use gc, for the same reasons: if you need to allocate/deallocate many objects (in particular small objects), gc will vastly outperform RAII, unless you write a custom allocator, since the gc can allocate/clean many objects in one pass. Some well known C++ projects use gc, even where performance matter (see for example Tim Sweenie about the use of gc in Unreal Tournament: http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/1277). GC basically increases throughput at the cost of latency.

Of course, there are cases where RAII is better than gc; in particular, the gc concept is mostly concerned with memory, and that's not the only ressource. Things like file, etc... can be well handled with RAII. Languages without memory handling like python or ruby do have something like RAII for those cases, BTW (with statement in python). RAII is very useful when you precisely need to control when the ressource is freed, and that's quite often the case for files or locks for example.

Answer 3

Easier thread safety and scalability

There is one property of GC which may be very important in some scenarios. Assignment of pointer is naturally atomic on most platforms, while creating thread-safe reference counted ("smart") pointers is quite hard and introduces significant synchronization overhead. As a result, smart pointers are often told "not to scale well" on multi-core architecture.

Answer 4

Garbage collection is really the basis for automatic resource management. And having GC changes the way you tackle problems in a way that is hard to quantify. For example when you are doing manual resource management you need to:

• Consider when an item can be freed (are all modules/classes finished with it?)
• Consider who's responsibility it is to free a resource when it is ready to be freed (which class/module should free this item?)

In the trivial case there is no complexity. E.g. you open a file at the start of a method and close it at the end. Or the caller must free this returned block of memory.

Things start to get complicated quickly when you have multiple modules that interact with a resource and it is not as clear who needs to clean up. The end result is that the whole approach to tackling a problem includes certain programming and design patterns which are a compromise.

In languages that have garbage collection you can use a disposable pattern where you can free resources you know you've finished with but if you fail to free them the GC is there to save the day.

---

Smart pointers which is actually a perfect example of the compromises I mentioned. Smart pointers can't save you from leaking cyclic data structures unless you have a backup mechanism. To avoid this problem you often compromise and avoid using a cyclic structure even though it may otherwise be the best fit.

Answer 5

With the advent of good memory checkers like valgrind, I don't see much use to garbage collection as a safety net "in case" we forgot to deallocate something - especially since it doesn't help much in managing the more generic case of resources other than memory (although these are much less common). Besides, explicitly allocating and deallocating memory (even with smart pointers) is fairly rare in the code I've seen, since containers are a much simpler and better way usually.

But garbage collection can offer performance benefits potentially, especially if alot of short lived objects are being heap allocated. GC also potentially offers better locality of reference for newly created objects (comparable to objects on the stack).

Answer 6

What advantages could garbage collection offer an experienced C++ developer?

Not having to chase down resource leaks in your less-experienced colleagues' code.