What is a lifetime of a function return value?

Question

I read about the return values between function calls,
and experimented with the following code snippet :

/* file structaddr.c */
#include <stdio.h>    
#define MSIZE 10

struct simple
{   
    char c_str[MSIZE];
};
struct simple xprint(void)
{
    struct simple ret = { "Morning !" };
    return ret;
}
int main(void)
{   
    printf("Good %s\n", xprint().c_str);    
    return 0;
}

The code is compiled without errors and warnings .
Tested with GCC 4.4.3 (Ubuntu 4.4.3-4ubuntu5.1) and Visual C++ compilers .

 gcc -m32 -std=c99 -Wall -o test  structaddr.c  
 cl -W3 -Zi -GS -TC -Fetest structaddr.c

Output :
Good Morning !

I'm a little confused by the result .
The code is written correctly ?

My Question :

• What is the visibility of the function return value( array from a struct in above example ), and how to properly access them ?

• Where ends lifetime of a return value ?

Answer 1

The function xprint returns a copy of the structure, and the compiler stores this copy in a temporary, and the temporaries lifetime is the duration of the printf function call. When the printf function returns, that temporary object is destroyed.

Answer 2

In C, the lifetime of the temporary in your example ends when the printf expression is finished:

• Per C 2011 (N1570) 6.2.4 8, the lifetime of a temporary ends when the evaluation of the full expression (or declarator) containing it ends: “A non-lvalue expression with structure or union type, where the structure or union contains a member with array type (including, recursively, members of all contained structures and unions) refers to an object with automatic storage duration and temporary lifetime.36) Its lifetime begins when the expression is evaluated and its initial value is the value of the expression. Its lifetime ends when the evaluation of the containing full expression or full declarator ends.”
• Per 6.8 4: “A full expression is an expression that is not part of another expression or of a declarator.” Per 6.7.6 3: “A full declarator is a declarator that is not part of another declarator.”
• Therefore, the lifetime of the temporary in your example ends when the printf expression is finished.

In C++, the lifetime in your example is the same as in C:

• Per C++ 2010 (N3092) 12.2 3: “Temporary objects are destroyed as the last step in evaluating the full-expression (1.9) that (lexically) contains the point where they were created.”
• Per 12.2 4 and 5: “There are two contexts in which temporaries are destroyed at a different point than the end of the full- expression. The first context is when a default constructor is called to initialize an element of an array. If the constructor has one or more default arguments, the destruction of every temporary created in a default argument expression is sequenced before the construction of the next array element, if any.” “The second context is when a reference is bound to a temporary. The temporary to which the reference is bound or the temporary that is the complete object of a subobject to which the reference is bound persists for the lifetime of the reference except:…” (I have omitted the exceptions for brevity, as they do not apply here.)
• So your example is the same in C++, the temporary object is destroyed as the last step in evaluating the printf expression.