Fixed point combinators in C++

Question

I'm interested in actual examples of using fixed point combinators (such as the y-combinator in C++. Have you ever used a fixed point combinator with egg or bind in real live code?

I found this example in egg a little dense:

void egg_example()
{
    using bll::_1;
    using bll::_2;

    int r =
        fix2(
            bll::ret<int>(
                // \(f,a) -> a == 0 ? 1 : a * f(a-1)
                bll::if_then_else_return( _2 == 0,
                    1,
                    _2 * lazy(_1)(_2 - 1)
                )
            )
        ) (5);

    BOOST_CHECK(r == 5*4*3*2*1);
}

Can you explain how this all works?

Is there a nice simple example perhaps using bind with perhaps fewer dependancies than this one?

Answer 1

Here is the same code converted into boost::bind notice the y-combinator and its application site in the main function. I hope this helps.

#include <boost/function.hpp>
#include <boost/bind.hpp>
#include <iostream>

// Y-combinator compatible factorial
int fact(boost::function<int(int)> f,int v)
{
  if(v == 0)
    return 1;
  else
    return v * f(v -1);
}

// Y-combinator for the int type
boost::function<int(int)>
    y(boost::function<int(boost::function<int(int)>,int)> f)
{
  return boost::bind(f,boost::bind(&y,f),_1);
}


int main(int argc,char** argv)
{
  boost::function<int(int)> factorial = y(fact);
  std::cout << factorial(5) << std::endl;
  return 0;
}

Answer 2

Can you explain how this all works?

fix2 is a y-combinator (specifically, it is a combinator for functions with two arguments; the first argument is the function (for the purpose of recursion), the second argument is a "proper" function argument). It creates recursive functions.

bll::ret(...) appears to create some form of a function object, the body of which is

if(second arg == 0)
{
    return 1;
}
else
{
    return second arg * first arg(second arg - 1);
}

The "lazy" is presumably there to stop an infinite expansion of the first (function) argument (read up on the difference between lazy and strict y combinators to see why).

The code is quite horrible. Anonymous functions are nice to have, but the hackery to work around C++'s lack of syntactic support make them not worth the effort.

Answer 3

#include <functional>
#include <iostream>

template <typename Lamba, typename Type>
auto y (std::function<Type(Lamba, Type)> f) -> std::function<Type(Type)>
{
    return std::bind(f, std::bind(&y<Lamba, Type>, f), std::placeholders::_1);
}

int main(int argc,char** argv)
{
    std::cout << y < std::function<int(int)>, int> ([](std::function<int(int)> f, int x) {
        return x == 0 ? 1 : x * f(x - 1);
    }) (5) << std::endl;
    return 0;
}