C function calls: Understanding the “implicit int”

Question

If "a function" were compiled separately, the mismatch would not be detected, "the function" would return a double that main would treat as an int... In the light of what we have said about how declarations must match definitions this might seems surprising. The reason a mismatch can happen is that if there is no function prototype, a function is implicitly declared by its first appearance in an expression, such as

    sum += "the function"(line);

If a name that has not been previously declared occurs in an expression and is followed by a left parenthesis, it is declared by context to be a function name, the function is assumed to return an int, and nothing is assumed about its arguments.

I apologize beforehand for the ambiguous question, but what does this mean?

By the way this is page 73 chapter 4.3 from Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie's C Programming Language book, 2nd edition.

Answer 1

It's just stating that if the compiler comes across code that calls an unknown function, then it implicitly treats it as if it had already seen a declared prototype of the form int unknown();

Answer 2

K&R2 covers the 1989/1990 version of the language. The current ISO C standard, published in 1999 2011, drops the "implicit int" rule, and requires a visible declaration for any function you call. Compilers don't necessarily enforce this by default, but you should be able to request more stringent warnings -- and you definitely should. In well-written new code, the rule is irrelevant (but it is necessary to understand it).

An example: the standard sqrt() function is declared in <math.h>:

double sqrt(double);

If you write a call without the required #include <math.h>:

double x = 64.0;
double y = sqrt(x);

a C90 compiler will assume that sqrt returns int -- and it will generate code to convert the result from int to double. The result will be garbage, or perhaps a crash.

(You could manually declare sqrt yourself, but that's the wrong solution.)

So don't do that. Always include whatever header is required for any function you call. You might get away with calling an undeclared function if it does return int (and if your compiler doesn't enforce strict C99 or C11 semantics, and if a few other conditions are satisfied), but there's no good reason to do so.

Understanding the "implicit int" rule is still useful for understanding the behavior of old or poorly written code, but you should never depend on it in new code.

Answer 3

Function prototypes were introduced into the language late.

Before prototypes, the compiler would assume that every argument passed to every unknown function should be passed as an integer and would assume that the return value was also an integer.

This worked fine for the few cases where it was correct, but meant people had to write programs in an awkward order so that functions would never rely on unknown functions that did not match this expectation.

When prototypes were introduced into C89 (aka ANSI C or ISO C), the prototypes allow the compiler to know exactly what types of arguments are expected and what types of results will be returned.

It is strongly recommended that you use function prototypes for all new code; when working on an entirely old code base, the prototypes might be harmful. (Or, if the code must be compilable on a pre-ANSI C compiler, then you might wish to leave off the prototypes so it can be built on the ancient software. gcc is the only place I've seen this in a long time.)