What does the protected modifier mean? [closed]

Question

I am reading the book The Java Programming Language, 3rd edition.

In chapter 3.5 , it illustrates the protected modifier with the following words:

More precisely, beyond being accessible within the class itself and to code within the same package, a protected member can also be accessed from a class through object references that are of at least the same type as the class that is, references of the class's type or one its subtypes.

The words makes me confused, in two aspects:

1. protected member can be accessed by code within the same package ? What I knew before is protected member can only be accessed by the subclass...

2. I don't understand what does a protected member can also be accessed from ... mean, anyone can explain to me please?

Answer 1

In Java, protected means that the member can be accessed by any class in the same package and by subclasses even if they are in another packages.

Note

A protected variable is not visible outside the package

for example B extends A and A has a protected int x; it can be use within the class B. But cannot be access using its instance variable

Answer 2

I don't understand what does a protected member can also be accessed from ... mean, anyone can explain to me please?

For example, you have an object A and an object B, both of the same class. Object A will be able to query the protected properties and methods of object B if it has a reference to it. The protected modifier is enforced at class level, not at object level. This can come in handy in some situations.

Answer 3

Here are the answers

1. Yes. Protected members (instance variables and methods) of a class can be accessed by other classes within the same package as well as by any other class that extends this class containing the member to be accessed. In the same specification, they have also given the table where the access level is strictly increasing providing all the accesses allowed in the preceding level: private -> package -> protected -> public

2. As protected members (instance variables / states and methods / behaviors) of a class X are inherited and visible as part of the sub classes of X, say Y1, Y2, Y3 and may be further down to the next levels, any object references of type X or Y1, Y2, y3 can be used to access that protected member.

Answer 4

1) Yes, protected members can be accessed by classes from the same package. That's the way Java works.

2) That means subclasses can access them.

Answer 5

1. Yes, protected members can be accessed from the class itself, subclasses of the class and also all classes in the same package of the class (doesn't matter if those are subclasses or not). If you didn't know that last part before, then you've just learned something new.

2. It simply means that you can use those members; if a member is not accessible, it means you'll get a compiler error when you try to use it.

Answer 6

Just think of it as between public and private. You can access everything from public classes, and less from private classes.