CNN with keras, accuracy not improving

Question

I have started with Machine Learning recently, I am learning CNN, I planned to write an application for Car Damage severity detection, with the help of this Keras blog and this github repo.

This is how car data-set looks like:

F:\WORKSPACE\ML\CAR_DAMAGE_DETECTOR\DATASET\DATA3A
├───training (979 Images for all 3 categories of training set)
│   ├───01-minor
│   ├───02-moderate
│   └───03-severe
└───validation (171 Images for all 3 categories of validation set)
    ├───01-minor
    ├───02-moderate
    └───03-severe

Following code gives me only 32% of accuracy.

from keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D
from keras.layers import Activation, Dropout, Flatten, Dense
from keras import backend as K


# dimensions of our images.
img_width, img_height = 150, 150

train_data_dir = 'dataset/data3a/training'
validation_data_dir = 'dataset/data3a/validation'
nb_train_samples = 979
nb_validation_samples = 171
epochs = 10
batch_size = 16

if K.image_data_format() == 'channels_first':
    input_shape = (3, img_width, img_height)
else:
    input_shape = (img_width, img_height, 3)

model = Sequential()
model.add(Conv2D(32, (3, 3), input_shape=input_shape))
model.add(Activation('relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))

model.add(Conv2D(32, (3, 3)))
model.add(Activation('relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))

model.add(Conv2D(64, (3, 3)))
model.add(Activation('relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))

model.add(Flatten())
model.add(Dense(64))
model.add(Activation('relu'))
model.add(Dropout(0.5))
model.add(Dense(1))
model.add(Activation('sigmoid'))

model.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy',
              optimizer='rmsprop',
              metrics=['accuracy'])

# this is the augmentation configuration we will use for training
train_datagen = ImageDataGenerator(
    rescale=1. / 255,
    shear_range=0.2,
    zoom_range=0.2,
    horizontal_flip=True)

# this is the augmentation configuration we will use for testing:
# only rescaling
test_datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rescale=1. / 255)

train_generator = train_datagen.flow_from_directory(
    train_data_dir,
    target_size=(img_width, img_height),
    batch_size=batch_size,
    class_mode='binary')

validation_generator = test_datagen.flow_from_directory(
    validation_data_dir,
    target_size=(img_width, img_height),
    batch_size=batch_size,
    class_mode='binary')
model.fit_generator(
    train_generator,
    steps_per_epoch=nb_train_samples // batch_size,
    epochs=epochs,
    validation_data=validation_generator,
    validation_steps=nb_validation_samples // batch_size)

model.save_weights('first_try.h5')

I tried:

• By increasing the epochs to 10, 20,50.
• By increasing images in the dataset (all validation images added to training set).
• By updating the filter size in the Conv2D layer
• Tried to add couple of Conv2D layer, MaxPooling layers
• Also tried with different optimizers such as adam, Sgd, etc
• Also Tried by updating the filter strides to (1,1) and (5,5) instead of (3,3)
• Also tried by updating the changing image dimensions to (256, 256), (64, 64) from (150, 150)

But no luck, every-time I'm getting accuracy up to 32% or less than that but not more. Any idea what I'm missing.

As in the github repo we can see, it gives 72% accuracy for the same dataset (Training -979, Validation -171). Why its not working for me.

I tried his code from the github link on my machine but it hanged up while training the dataset(I waited for more than 8 hours), so changed the approach, but still no luck so far.

Here's the Pastebin containing output of my training epochs.

Answer 1

The issue is caused by a mis-match between the number of output classes (three) and your choice of final layer activation (sigmoid) and loss-function (binary cross entropy).

The sigmoid function 'squashes' real values into a value between [0, 1] but it is designed for binary (two class) problems only. For multiple classes you need to use something like the softmax function. Softmax is a generalised version of sigmoid (the two should be equivalent when you have two classes).

The loss value also needs to be updated to one that can handle multiple classes - categorical cross entropy will work in this case.

In terms of code, if you modify the model definition and compilation code to the version below it should work.

model = Sequential()
model.add(Conv2D(32, (3, 3), input_shape=input_shape))
model.add(Activation('relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))

model.add(Conv2D(32, (3, 3)))
model.add(Activation('relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))

model.add(Conv2D(64, (3, 3)))
model.add(Activation('relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))

model.add(Flatten())
model.add(Dense(64))
model.add(Activation('relu'))
model.add(Dropout(0.5))
model.add(Dense(1))
model.add(Activation('softmax'))

model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy',
              optimizer='rmsprop',
              metrics=['accuracy'])

Finally you need to specify class_mode='categorical' in your data generators. That will ensure that the output targets are formatted as a categorical 3-column matrix that has a one in the column corresponding to the correct value and zeroes elsewhere. This response format is needed by the categorical_cross_entropy loss function.

Answer 2

Minor correction:

model.add(Dense(1))

Should be:

model.add(Dense(3))

It has to comply with number of classes in the output.