JOIN (SELECT … ) ue ON 1=1?

Question

I am reading an SQL query in Redshift and can't understand the last part:

...
LEFT JOIN (SELECT MIN(modified) AS first_modified FROM user) ue
ON 1=1

What does ON 1=1 mean here?

Answer 1

It's simply doing a cross join, which selects all rows from the first table and all rows from the second table and shows as cartesian product, i.e. with all possibilities.

JOIN (LEFT, INNER, RIGHT, etc.) statements normally require an 'ON ..." condition. Putting in 1=1 is like saying "1=1 is always true, do don't eliminate anything".

You could rewrite the query as

 ... CROSS JOIN (SELECT MIN(modified) AS first_modified FROM user)

And get the same result

Answer 2

The intention is an unconditional LEFT JOIN, which is different from a CROSS JOIN in that all rows from the left table expression are returned, even if there is no match in the right table expression - while a CROSS JOIN drops such rows from the result. More on joins in the manual.

However:

1=1 is pointless in Postgres and all derivatives including Amazon Redshift. Just use true. This has probably been carried over from another RDBMS that does not support the boolean type properly.

... LEFT JOIN (SELECT  ...) ue ON true

Then again, LEFT JOIN is pointless for this particular subquery with SELECT MIN(modified) FROM user on the right, because a SELECT with an aggregate function (min()) and no GROUP BY clause always returns exactly one row. This case (but not other cases where no row might be found) can be simplified to:

... CROSS JOIN (SELECT MIN(modified) AS first_modified FROM user) ue

Answer 3

I believe its used to emulate cartesian join.

From your query, the least modified value (It will be just 1 element) will be assigned to all the records of the left table.

PS : Left join is not much useful here. Might as well just use inner join