Our webapp sends push notification requests to iOS and Android devices.
For iOS, the Apple Push Notification Service has a feedback service so you can detect which devices have uninstalled your app and then remove it from your database.
Is there a similar feedback service for Android GCM? If not, how to detect which Android users no longer have the app installed?
No.
Quoting the documentation:
GCM will respond you with the "NotRegistered" error (assuming you use HTTP). Also, GCM has recently released for iOS, so you can use it to deliver both Android and iOS notifications.