Why are “control” characters illegal in XML 1.0?

Question

There are a variety of characters that are not legally encodeable in XML 1.0, e.g. U+0007 ('bell') and U+001B ('escape'). Most of the interesting ones are non-whitespace 'control' characters.

It's clear from (e.g.) this question and others that it's the XML spec that's the issue -- but can anyone illuminate me as to why the XML spec forbids these characters?

It seems like it could have been required that they be encoded in escapes, e.g. as  and  respectively, but perhaps there's a practical reason that the characters were forbidden rather than required to be escaped?

Answerers have suggested that there is some motivation towards avoiding transmission control characters, but Unicode includes many other control-like characters (consider U+200C "zero width non joiner"). I recognize there may be no good reason for this behavior, but I would still like to understand it better.

It's particularly frustrating because when those character values appear in other encodings data formats, I end up "double-escaping" new XML documents that need to encode this.

Answer 1

It's probably time to resummarize, also with a view at XML 1.1.

What control character code points are there in Unicode?

• U+0000 to U+001f, inherited from ASCII.
• U+007F, inherited from ASCII
• U+0080 to U+009F, inherited from Latin-1
• various special purpose ranges, standardized explicitly for Unicode, and mostly useful especially in non-markup contexts. They are discussed here block by block, including reasons why and how to use them or to not use them in XML and what to do if you run into them anyway.

How does XML look at those control characters?

This is a different classification.

• Tab and newline (regardless of the platform dependency of what's a newline) are good. Everybody uses them. Everybody knows what they are supposed to stand for. Allowed in almost all known forms, often even for pretty printing of the markup itself.
• U+0000 is evil. Null character? String terminator? Binary noise? Antithesis to both interoperability and markup. Forbidden in all forms.
• Anything else? Scarcely used, problematic interoperability, but there are ways to tolerate them even without knowing much about what they are supposed to "control".

Let's now switch our attention to this last category only, control codes proper. That is, the following summary does NOT apply to tabs and newlines: U+0009, U+000a, U+000D, U+0085, U+2028.

XML 1.0 allows all the above ranges of control characters, except U+0000 to U+001f, as text (directly included characters), and as numeric character references. Allowing U+007F to U+009F was apparently by omission and this inconsistency was corrected in XML 1.1, but the other way round. They even gave a detailed rationale inside the standard:

Finally, there is considerable demand to define a standard representation of arbitrary Unicode characters in XML documents. Therefore, XML 1.1 allows the use of character references to the control characters #x1 through #x1F, most of which are forbidden in XML 1.0. For reasons of robustness, however, these characters still cannot be used directly in documents. In order to improve the robustness of character encoding detection, the additional control characters #x7F through #x9F, which were freely allowed in XML 1.0 documents, now must also appear only as character references. (Whitespace characters are of course exempt.) The minor sacrifice of backward compatibility is considered not significant. Due to potential problems with APIs, #x0 is still forbidden both directly and as a character reference.

Why does Unicode and XML allow free use of markup-like control characters, apart from the few "inherited" ranges? People should be using markup for those.

Unicode is also used in non-markup contexts, and it is a still evolving character set. It would be too difficult to implement a conforming XML processor if the set of non-control characters was a moving target.

OK, what's wrong with the inherited ranges then, compared to the Unicode-specific control characters?

Lack of standardization. The Unicode consortium didn't really get to choose which numbers are assigned to those "characters", or what is their typical visual presentation or meaning. Full backward compatibility with ASCII (on encoded UTF-8 level) and with Latin-1 (on code point assignment level) forced raw inclusion of these code points regardless of the various specialized and overloaded meanings often attached to them in various text processing contexts.

Wait, are you saying that XML isn't meant to be fully backward compatible with ASCII, unlike UTF-8?

Yeah. That's correct. You need a document element. You can't even put in a raw < or &. So why would you ever need to put in raw control characters?

Answer 2

Why are you double-escaping them? This seems like a good place for &bell; and &escape;. (Undefined, handled by callback from the parser to your code)

Answer 3

It seems like it could have been required that they be encoded in escapes, e.g. as  and 

You can do exactly that in XML 1.1, for all but \0.

Answer 4

XML was designed specially around Unicode (specifically UTF-8 and UTF-16) and ISO/IEC 10646, both of which (I'm not quite positive about ISO 10646) contain the transmission/flow control characters which were left over from ASCII and the days of character-based terminals. While those characters still have uses, they don't belong in a format like XML.

As for these new encodings that use those codes for something else, well, it seems that the XML spec may need to adapt.

Answer 5

That was a long time ago, but my best recollection was that they have no graphical representation and also no agreed-upon semantics. Picking a couple at random we see U+0006 "Acknowledge" or U+0016 "Synchronous idle"... what do those mean? Unicode doesn't say. Even back when everyone claimed to support ASCII, there was no interoperability around this junk. XML is supposed to be about interoperability.

The experience has been that people who want to use these things really want to jam binary data into their XML elements (and the next thing they want is to include U+0000 NULL), which has been an explicit non-goal of XML since day 1. If you want to represent the numbers 0x6 or 0x16, there are lots of good ways to do that which don't muddy the notion of "character".

Answer 6

My understanding is that this range is barred on the grounds that a markup language should not have any need to support transmission and flow control characters and including them would create a problem for any editors and parsers in binary conversion.

I'm struggling to find anything ex cathedra on this from Tim Bray et al though.

edit: some discussion of control chars and a vague admission it wasn't exactly over-engineered:

At 09:27 AM 17/06/00 -0500, Mark Volkmann wrote:

I've never seen a discussion of the reason why most ASCII control characters, such as a form feed, are not allowed in XML documents. Can anyone tell me the reason behind that decision or point me to a spec. that explains that?

I'm not sure we'd do it the same way if we were doing it again. I don't see that they do any real harm. Clearly, if you're optimizing for a highly interoperable content markup language (and XML is) it's legitimate to be suspicious of things like vertical-tab and backspace and so on... but then how can it be consistent to leave in \n and DEL and so on? -Tim