What is a practical use for a closure in JavaScrip

2019-01-03 07:28发布

站内问答 / JavaScript
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I'm trying my hardest to wrap my head around JavaScript closures.

I get that by returning an inner function, it will have access to any variable defined in its immediate parent.

Where would this be useful to me? Perhaps I haven't quite got my head around it yet. Most of the examples I have seen online don't provide any real world code, just vague examples.

Can someone show me a real world use of a closure?

Is this one, for example?

var warnUser = function (msg) {
    var calledCount = 0;
    return function() {
       calledCount++;
       alert(msg + '\nYou have been warned ' + calledCount + ' times.');
    };
};

var warnForTamper = warnUser('You can not tamper with our HTML.');
warnForTamper();
warnForTamper();

20条回答
做自己的国王
2楼-- · 2019-01-03 07:47

This thread has helped me immensely in gaining a better understanding of how closures work. I've since done some experimentation of my own and came up with this fairly simple code which may help some other people see how closures can be used in a practical way and how to use the closure at different levels to maintain variables similar to static and/or global variables without risk of them getting overwritten or confused with global variables. What this does is keep track of button clicks, both at a local level for each individual button and a global level, counting every button click, contributing towards a single figure. Note I haven't used any global variables to do this, which is kind of the point of the exercise - having a handler that can be applied to any button that also contributes to something globally.

Please experts, do let me know if I've committed any bad practices here! I'm still learning this stuff myself. 

<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Closures on button presses</title>
<script type="text/javascript">

window.addEventListener("load" , function () {
    /*
    grab the function from the first closure,
    and assign to a temporary variable 
    this will set the totalButtonCount variable
    that is used to count the total of all button clicks

    */
    var buttonHandler = buttonsCount(); 

    /*
    using the result from the first closure (a function is returned) 
    assign and run the sub closure that carries the 
    individual variable for button count and assign to the click handlers 
    */
    document.getElementById("button1").addEventListener("click" , buttonHandler() );
    document.getElementById("button2").addEventListener("click" , buttonHandler() );
    document.getElementById("button3").addEventListener("click" , buttonHandler() );

    // Now that buttonHandler has served its purpose it can be deleted if needs be
    buttonHandler = null;
});



function buttonsCount() {
    /* 
        First closure level 
        - totalButtonCount acts as a sort of global counter to count any button presses
    */
    var totalButtonCount = 0;

    return  function () {
        //second closure level
        var myButtonCount = 0;

        return function (event) {
            //actual function that is called on the button click
            event.preventDefault();
            /*  
               increment the button counts.
               myButtonCount only exists in the scope that is 
               applied to each event handler, therefore acts 
               to count each button individually whereas because 
               of the first closure totalButtonCount exists at 
               the scope just outside, so maintains a sort 
               of static or global variable state 
            */

            totalButtonCount++;
            myButtonCount++;

            /* 
                do something with the values ... fairly pointless 
                but it shows that each button contributes to both 
                it's own variable and the outer variable in the 
                first closure 
            */
            console.log("Total button clicks: "+totalButtonCount);
            console.log("This button count: "+myButtonCount);
        }
    }
}

</script>
</head>

<body>
    <a href="#" id="button1">Button 1</a>
    <a href="#" id="button2">Button 2</a>
    <a href="#" id="button3">Button 3</a>
</body>
</html>
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Luminary・发光体
3楼-- · 2019-01-03 07:47

Yes, that is a good example of a useful closure. The call to warnUser creates the calledCount variable in its scope and returns an anonymous function which is stored in the warnForTamper variable. Because there is still a closure making use of the calledCount variable, it isn't deleted upon the function's exit, so each call to the warnForTamper() will increase the scoped variable and alert the value.

The most common issue I see on StackOverflow is where someone wants to "delay" use of a variable that is increased upon each loop, but because the variable is scoped then each reference to the variable would be after the loop has ended, resulting in the end state of the variable:

for (var i = 0; i < someVar.length; i++)
    window.setTimeout(function () { 
        alert("Value of i was "+i+" when this timer was set" )
    }, 10000);

This would result in every alert showing the same value of i, the value it was increased to when the loop ended. The solution is to create a new closure, a separate scope for the variable. This can be done using an instantly executed anonymous function, which receives the variable and stores its state as an argument:

for (var i = 0; i < someVar.length; i++)
    (function (i) {
        window.setTimeout(function () { 
            alert("Value of i was "+i+" when this timer was set" )
        }, 10000);
    })(i);
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迷人小祖宗
4楼-- · 2019-01-03 07:47

I wrote an article a while back about how closures can be used to simplify event-handling code. It compares ASP.NET event handling to client-side jQuery.

http://www.hackification.com/2009/02/20/closures-simplify-event-handling-code/

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爷、活的狠高调
5楼-- · 2019-01-03 07:53

Here, I have a greeting that I want to say several times. If I create a closure, I can simply call that function to record the greeting. If I don't create the closure, I have to pass my name in every single time.

Without a closure (https://jsfiddle.net/lukeschlangen/pw61qrow/3/):

function greeting(firstName, lastName) {
  var message = "Hello " + firstName + " " + lastName + "!";
  console.log(message);
}

greeting("Billy", "Bob");
greeting("Billy", "Bob");
greeting("Billy", "Bob");
greeting("Luke", "Schlangen");
greeting("Luke", "Schlangen");
greeting("Luke", "Schlangen");

With a closure (https://jsfiddle.net/lukeschlangen/Lb5cfve9/3/):

function greeting(firstName, lastName) {
  var message = "Hello " + firstName + " " + lastName + "!";

  return function() {
    console.log(message);
  }
}

var greetingBilly = greeting("Billy", "Bob");
var greetingLuke = greeting("Luke", "Schlangen");

greetingBilly();
greetingBilly();
greetingBilly();
greetingLuke();
greetingLuke();
greetingLuke();
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你好瞎i
6楼-- · 2019-01-03 07:54

Here I have one simple example of closure concept which we can use for in our E-commerce site or many others as well. I am adding my jsfiddle link with the example. it contains a small product list of 3 items and one cart counter.

Jsfiddle

//Counter clouser implemented function;
var CartCouter = function(){
	var counter = 0;
  function changeCounter(val){
  	counter += val
  }
  return {
  	increment: function(){
    	changeCounter(1);
    },
    decrement: function(){
    changeCounter(-1);
    },
    value: function(){
    return counter;
    }
  }
}

var cartCount = CartCouter();
function updateCart(){
	document.getElementById('cartcount').innerHTML = cartCount.value();
  }

var productlist = document.getElementsByClassName('item');
for(var i = 0; i< productlist.length; i++){
	productlist[i].addEventListener('click',function(){
  	if(this.className.indexOf('selected')<0){
    		this.className += " selected";
        cartCount.increment();
        updateCart();
    } else{
    	this.className = this.className.replace("selected", "");
      cartCount.decrement();
      updateCart();
    }
  })
}
.productslist{
  padding:10px;
}
ul li{
  display: inline-block;
  padding: 5px;
  border: 1px solid #ffffd;
  text-align: center;
  width: 25%;
  cursor: pointer;
}
.selected{
  background-color: #7CFEF0;
  color: #333;
}
.cartdiv{
  position: relative;
  float:right;
  padding: 5px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  border: 1px solid #f1f1f1;
}
<div>
<h3>
Practical Use of JavaScript Closure consept/private variable.
</h3>
<div class="cartdiv">
    <span id="cartcount">0</span>
</div>
<div class="productslist">
    <ul >
    <li class="item">Product 1</li>
     <li class="item">Product 2</li>
     <li class="item">Product 3</li>
    </ul>

</div>
</div>

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唯我独甜
7楼-- · 2019-01-03 07:56

The example you give is an excellent one. Closures are an abstraction mechanism that allow you to separate concerns very cleanly. Your example is a case of separating instrumentation (counting calls) from semantics (an error-reporting API). Other uses include:

  1. Passing parameterised behaviour into an algorithm (classic higher-order programming):

    function proximity_sort(arr, midpoint) {
    arr.sort(function(a, b) { a -= midpoint; b -= midpoint; return a*a - b*b; });
}

  2. Simulating object oriented programming:

    function counter() {
    var a = 0;
    return {
        inc: function() { ++a; },
        dec: function() { --a; },
        get: function() { return a; },
        reset: function() { a = 0; }
    }
}

  3. Implementing exotic flow control, such as jQuery's Event handling and AJAX APIs.

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