The order of a SQL Select statement without Order

Question

As I know, from the relational database theory, a select statement without an order by clause should be considered has not particular order. But actually in SQL Server and Oracle (I've tested on those 2 platforms), if I query from a table without an order by clause multiple times, I always get the results in the same order. Does this behavior can be relied on? Anyone can help to explain a little?

Answer 1

No, that behavior cannot be relied on. The order is determined by the way the query planner has decided to build up the result set. simple queries like select * from foo_table are likely to be returned in the order they are stored on disk, which may be in primary key order or the order they were created, or some other random order. more complex queries, such as select * from foo where bar < 10 may instead be returned in order of a different column, based on an index read, or by the table order, for a table scan. even more elaborate queries, with multipe where conditions, group by clauses, unions, will be in whatever order the planner decides is most efficient to generate.

The order could even change between two identical queries just because of data that has changed between those queries. a "where" clause may be satisfied with an index scan in one query, but later inserts could make that condition less selective, and the planner could decide to perform a subsequent query using a table scan.

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To put a finer point on it. RDBMS systems have the mandate to give you exactly what you asked for, as efficiently as possible. That efficiency can take many forms, including minimizing IO (both to disk as well as over the network to send data to you), minimizing CPU and keeping the size of its working set small (using methods that require minimal temporary storage).

without an ORDER BY clause, you will have not asked exactly for a particular order, and so the RDBMS will give you those rows in some order that (maybe) corresponds with some coincidental aspect of the query, based on whichever algorithm the RDBMS expects to produce the data the fastest.

If you care about efficiency, but not order, skip the ORDER BY clause. If you care about the order but not efficiency, use the ORDER BY clause.

Since you actually care about BOTH use ORDER BY and then carefully tune your query and database so that it is efficient.

Answer 2

Tom Kyte has a pet peeve about this topic. For whatever reason, people are fascinated by this, and keep trying to come up with cases where you can rely upon a specific order without specifying ORDER BY. As others have stated, you can't. Here's another amusing thread on the topic on the AskTom website.

Answer 3

The Right Answer

This is a new answer added to correct the old one. I've got answer from Tom Kyte and I post it here:

If you want rows sorted YOU HAVE TO USE AN ORDER. No if, and, or buts about it. period. http://tkyte.blogspot.ru/2005/08/order-in-court.html You need order by on that IOT. Rows are sorted in leaf blocks, but leaf blocks are not stored sorted. fast full scan=unsorted rows.

https://twitter.com/oracleasktom/status/625318150590980097

https://twitter.com/oracleasktom/status/625316875338149888

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The Wrong Answer

(Attention! The original answer on the question was placed below here only for the sake of the history. It's wrong answer. The right answer is placed above)

As Tom Kyte wrote in the article mentioned before:

You should think of a heap organized table as a big unordered collection of rows. These rows will come out in a seemingly random order, and depending on other options being used (parallel query, different optimizer modes and so on), they may come out in a different order with the same query. Do not ever count on the order of rows from a query unless you have an ORDER BY statement on your query!

But note he only talks about heap-organized tables. But there is also index-orgainzed tables. In that case you can rely on order of the select without ORDER BY because order implicitly defined by primary key. It is true for Oracle.

For SQL Server clustered indexes (index-organized tables) created by default. There is also possibility for PostgreSQL store information aligning by index. More information can be found here

UPDATE: I see, that there is voting down on my answer. So I would try to explain my point a little bit. In the section Overview of Index-Organized Tables there is a phrase:

In an index-organized table, rows are stored in an index defined on the primary key for the table... Index-organized tables are useful when related pieces of data must be stored together or data must be physically stored in a specific order.

http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E25054_01/server.1111/e25789/indexiot.htm#CBBJEBIH

Because of index, all data is stored in specific order, I believe same is true for Pg. http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.2/static/sql-cluster.html

If you don't agree with me please give me a link on the documenation. I'll be happy to know that there is something to learn for me.

Answer 4

No, you can't rely on getting the results back in the same order every time. I discovered that when working on a web page with a paged grid. When I went to the next page, and then back to the previous page, the previous page contained different records! I was totally mystified.

For predictable results, then, you should include an ORDER BY. Even then, if there are identical values in the specified columns there, you can get different results. You may have to ORDER BY fields that you didn't really think you needed, just to get a predictable result.