interpolate between rotation matrices

Question

i have two rotation matrices that describe arbitrary rotations. (4x4 opengl compatible)

now i want to interpolate between them, so that it follows a radial path from one rotation to the other. think of a camera on a tripod looking one way and then rotating.

if i interpolate every component i get a squeezing result, so i think i need to interpolate only certain components of the matrix. but which ones?

Answer 1

You need to convert the matrix into a different representation - quaternions work well for this, and interpolating quaternions is a well-defined operation.

Answer 2

You have to use SLERP for the rotational parts of the matrices, and linear for the other parts. The best way is to turn your matrices into quaternions and use the (simpler) quaternion SLERP: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slerp.

I suggest reading Graphic Gems II or III,specifically the sections about decomposing matrices into simpler transformations. Here's Spencer W. Thomas' source for this chapter:

http://tog.acm.org/resources/GraphicsGems/gemsii/unmatrix.c

Of course, I suggest you learn how to do this yourself. It's really not that hard, just a lot of annoying algebra. And finally, here's a great paper on how to turn a matrix into a quaternion, and back, by Id software: http://www.mrelusive.com/publications/papers/SIMD-From-Quaternion-to-Matrix-and-Back.pdf

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Edit: This is the formula pretty much everyone cites, it's from a 1985 SIGGRAPH paper.

Where:

- qm = interpolated quaternion
- qa = quaternion a (first quaternion to be interpolated between)
- qb = quaternion b (second quaternion to be interpolated between)
- t = a scalar between 0.0 (at qa) and 1.0 (at qb)
- θ is half the angle between qa and qb

Code:

quat slerp(quat qa, quat qb, double t) {
    // quaternion to return
    quat qm = new quat();
    // Calculate angle between them.
    double cosHalfTheta = qa.w * qb.w + qa.x * qb.x + qa.y * qb.y + qa.z * qb.z;
    // if qa=qb or qa=-qb then theta = 0 and we can return qa
    if (abs(cosHalfTheta) >= 1.0){
        qm.w = qa.w;qm.x = qa.x;qm.y = qa.y;qm.z = qa.z;
        return qm;
    }
    // Calculate temporary values.
    double halfTheta = acos(cosHalfTheta);
    double sinHalfTheta = sqrt(1.0 - cosHalfTheta*cosHalfTheta);
    // if theta = 180 degrees then result is not fully defined
    // we could rotate around any axis normal to qa or qb
    if (fabs(sinHalfTheta) < 0.001){ // fabs is floating point absolute
        qm.w = (qa.w * 0.5 + qb.w * 0.5);
        qm.x = (qa.x * 0.5 + qb.x * 0.5);
        qm.y = (qa.y * 0.5 + qb.y * 0.5);
        qm.z = (qa.z * 0.5 + qb.z * 0.5);
        return qm;
    }
    double ratioA = sin((1 - t) * halfTheta) / sinHalfTheta;
    double ratioB = sin(t * halfTheta) / sinHalfTheta; 
    //calculate Quaternion.
    qm.w = (qa.w * ratioA + qb.w * ratioB);
    qm.x = (qa.x * ratioA + qb.x * ratioB);
    qm.y = (qa.y * ratioA + qb.y * ratioB);
    qm.z = (qa.z * ratioA + qb.z * ratioB);
    return qm;
}

From: http://www.euclideanspace.com/maths/algebra/realNormedAlgebra/quaternions/slerp/