What is the HTML tabindex attribute?

Question

What is the tabindex attribute used for in HTML?

Answer 1

The tabindex is used to define a sequence that users follow when they use the Tab key to navigate through a page. By default, the natural tabbing order will match the source order in the markup.

The tabindex content attribute allows authors to control whether an element is supposed to be focusable, whether it is supposed to be reachable using sequential focus navigation, and what is to be the relative order of the element for the purposes of sequential focus navigation. The name "tab index" comes from the common use of the "tab" key to navigate through the focusable elements. The term "tabbing" refers to moving forward through the focusable elements that can be reached using sequential focus navigation.
W3C Recommendation: HTML5
Section 7.4.1 Sequential focus navigation and the tabindex attribute

The tabindex starts at 0 or any positive whole number and increments upward. It's common to see the value 0 avoided because in older versions of Mozilla and IE, the tabindex would start at 1, move on to 2, and only after 2 would it go to 0 and then 3. The maximum integer value for tabindex is 32767. If elements have the same tabindex then the tabindex will match the source order in the markup. A negative value will remove the element from the tab index so it will never be focused.

If an element is assigned a tabindex of -1 it will remove the element and it will never be focusable but focus can be given to the element programmatically using element.focus().

If you specify the tabindex attribute with no value or an empty value it will be ignored.

If the disabled attribute is set on an element which has a tabindex, the element will be ignored.

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If a tabindex is set anywhere within the page regardless of where it is in relation to the rest of the code (it could be in the footer, content area, where-ever) if there is a defined tabindex then the tab order will start at the element which is explicitly assigned the lowest tabindex value above 0. It will then cycle through the elements defined and only after the explicit tabindex elements have been tabbed through, will it return to the beginning of the document and follow the natural tab order.

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In the HTML4 spec only the following elements support the tabindex attribute: anchor, area, button, input, object, select, and textarea. But the HTML5 spec, with accessibility in mind, allows all elements to be assigned tabindex.

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For example

<ul tabindex="-1">
  <li tabindex="1"></li>
  <li tabindex="2"></li>
  <li tabindex="3"></li>
</ul>

is the same as

<ul tabindex="-1">
  <li tabindex="1"></li>
  <li tabindex="1"></li>
  <li tabindex="1"></li>
</ul>

because regardless of the fact that they are all assigned tabindex="1", they will still follow the same order, the first one is first, and the last one is last. This is also the same..

<div>
  <a></a>
  <a></a>
  <a></a>
</div>

because you do not need to explicitly define the tabIndex if it's default behavior. A div by default will not be focusable, the anchor tags will.

Answer 2

In Simple words, tabindex is used to focus on elements. Syntax: tabindex="numeric_value" This numeric_value is the weight of element. Lower value will be accessed first.

Answer 3

tabindex is a global attribute responsible for two things:

1. it sets the order of "focusable" elements and
2. it makes elements "focusable'.

To my mind the second thing is even more important then the first one. There are very few elements that are focusable by default (e.g. <a> and form controls). Developers very often add some JavaScript event handlers (like 'onclick') on not focusable elements (<div>, <span> and so on). And the way to make your interface to be responsive not only to mouse events but to keyboard events (e.g. 'onkeypress') as well is making such elements focusable. And in the last case if you don't want to set the order but just make your element focusable use tabindex="0" on all such elements:

<div tabindex="0"></div>

Also if you don't want it to be focusable via the tab key then use tabindex="-1". For example the below link will not be focused while using tab keys to traverse.

<a href="#" tabindex="-1">Tab key cannot reach here!</a>

Answer 4

Normally, when the user tabs from field to field in a form (in a browser that allows tabbing, not all browsers do) the order is the order the fields appear in the HTML code.

However, sometimes you want the tab order to flow a little differently. In that case, you can number the fields using TABINDEX. The tabs then flow in order from lowest TABINDEX to highest.

More info on this can be found here w3

another good illustration can be found here