“Necessary” Uses of Recursion in Imperative Langua

Question

I've recently seen in a couple of different places comments along the lines of, "I learned about recursion in school, but have never used it or felt the need for it since then." (Recursion seems to be a popular example of "book learning" amongst a certain group of programmers.)

Well, it's true that in imperative languages such as Java and Ruby[1], we generally use iteration and avoid recursion, in part because of the risk of stack overflows, and in part because it's the style most programmers in those languages are used to.

Now I know that, strictly speaking, there are no "necessary" uses of recursion in such languages: one can always somehow replace recursion with iteration, no matter how complex things get. By "necessary" here, I'm talking about the following:

Can you think of any particular examples of code in such languages where recursion was so much better than iteration (for reasons of clarity, efficiency, or otherwise) that you used recursion anyway, and converting to iteration would have been a big loss?

Recursively walking trees has been mentioned several times in the answers: what was it exactly about your particular use of it that made recursion better than using a library-defined iterator, had it been available?

[1]: Yes, I know that these are also object-oriented languages. That's not directly relevant to this question, however.

Answer 1

The most well-known example is probably the quicksort algorithm developed by by C.A.R. Hoare.

Another example is traversing a directory tree for finding a file.

Answer 2

In my work recursion is very rarely used for anything algorithmic. Things like factorials etc are solved much more readably (and efficiently) using simple loops. When it does show up it is usually because you are processing some data that is recursive in nature. For example, the nodes on a tree structure could be processed recursively.

If you were to write a program to walk the nodes of a binary tree for example, you could write a function that processed one node, and called itself to process each of it's children. This would be more effective than trying to maintain all the different states for each child node as you looped through them.

Answer 3

I have a List of reports. I am using indexers on my class that contains this list. The reports are retrieved by their screen names using the indexers. In the indexer, if the report for that screen name doesn't exist it loads the report and recursively calls itself.

public class ReportDictionary
    {
        private static List<Report> _reportList = null;

        public ReportColumnList this[string screenName]
        {
            get
            {
                Report rc = _reportList.Find(delegate(Report obj) { return obj.ReportName == screenName; });

                if (rc == null)
                {
                    this.Load(screenName);
                    return this[screenName]; // Recursive call
                }
                else
                    return rc.ReportColumnList.Copy();
            }
            private set
            {
                this.Add(screenName, value);
            }
        }

    }

This can be done without recursion using some additional lines of code.