Appending to __VA_ARGS__

Question

I know I can do this:

#define MACRO(api, ...) \
  bool ret = api(123, ##__VA_ARGS__);

This is just an example, it's part of a more complicated solution. The point is that I need to append the variable number of arguments to the first 123. The ## makes the compiler strip out the comma after the 123 argument if no arguments were passed into MACRO.

But now I want to append arguments to api, like so:

#define MACRO(api, ...) \
  bool ret = api(__VA_ARGS__##, 456);

Nocando. One solution is to have two macros, MACRO and MACRO_V, say, and make the _V version not process any arguments. But is there a way to make it work with one macro?

Answer 1

Well, I think it is possible with something like this:

#define NO_FIRST(first, ...) __VA_ARGS__
#define DO_APPEND_LAST(last, ...) NO_FIRST(__VA_ARGS__, last)
#define MACRO(api, ...) bool ret = api(DO_APPEND_LAST(456, dummy, ##__VA_ARGS__));

Haven't check it, however should work in latest VS and gcc.

Answer 2

Yes, you can. The following supports up to 4 arguments, but it can be trivially expanded to support more:

#define MACRO(api, ...) \
    bool ret = api(__VA_ARGS__ VA_COMMA(__VA_ARGS__) 456)

/*
 * VA_COMMA() expands to nothing if given no arguments and a comma if
 * given 1 to 4 arguments.  Bad things happen if given more than 4
 * arguments.  Don't do it.
 */
#define VA_COMMA(...) GET_6TH_ARG(,##__VA_ARGS__,COMMA,COMMA,COMMA,COMMA,)
#define GET_6TH_ARG(a1,a2,a3,a4,a5,a6,...) a6
#define COMMA ,

/* EXAMPLES */
MACRO(foo)                       /* bool ret = foo( 456)              */
MACRO(foo,1)                     /* bool ret = foo(1 , 456)           */
MACRO(foo,1,2,3,4)               /* bool ret = foo(1,2,3,4 , 456)     */
/* uh oh, too many arguments: */
MACRO(foo,1,2,3,4,5)             /* bool ret = foo(1,2,3,4,5 5 456)   */
MACRO(foo,1,2,3,4,5,6)           /* bool ret = foo(1,2,3,4,5,6 5 456) */

This same trick is used to:

• count the number of arguments
• expand differently depending on the number of arguments

Explanation

VA_COMMA surrounds its arguments (__VA_ARGS__) with six additional arguments: one empty argument before (doesn't have to be empty—it's thrown away) and four commas and an empty argument after.

These six or more arguments are passed to GET_6TH_ARG, which, as its name implies, expands to the sixth argument. All other arguments are discarded.

Thus, MACRO(foo) is expanded like this:

step 0: MACRO(foo)
step 1: bool ret = foo( VA_COMMA() 456)
step 2: bool ret = foo( GET_6TH_ARG(,COMMA,COMMA,COMMA,COMMA,) 456)
step 3: bool ret = foo( 456)

MACRO(foo,1) is expanded like this:

step 0: MACRO(foo,1)
step 1: bool ret = foo(1 VA_COMMA(1) 456)
step 2: bool ret = foo(1 GET_6TH_ARG(,1,COMMA,COMMA,COMMA,COMMA,) 456)
step 3: bool ret = foo(1 COMMA 456)
step 4: bool ret = foo(1 , 456)

MACRO(foo,1,2) is expanded like this:

step 0: MACRO(foo,1,2)
step 1: bool ret = foo(1,2 VA_COMMA(1,2) 456)
step 2: bool ret = foo(1,2 GET_6TH_ARG(,1,2,COMMA,COMMA,COMMA,COMMA,) 456)
step 3: bool ret = foo(1,2 COMMA 456)
step 4: bool ret = foo(1,2 , 456)

MACRO(foo,1,2,3,4,5) is expanded like this:

step 0: MACRO(foo,1,2,3,4,5)
step 1: bool ret = foo(1,2,3,4,5 VA_COMMA(1,2,3,4,5) 456)
step 2: bool ret = foo(1,2,3,4,5 GET_6TH_ARG(,1,2,3,4,5,COMMA,COMMA,COMMA,COMMA,) 456)
step 3: bool ret = foo(1,2,3,4,5 5 456)

Answer 3

No. The behaviour of ## which allows this to work in the first case is a GCC extension (C99 does not allow the variable argument part to be empty), and it specifically applies to the case with a comma on the left and __VA_ARGS__ on the right. See e.g. http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.5.1/gcc/Variadic-Macros.html#Variadic-Macros (at the bottom of the page).