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I'm interested in UI testing a client only Java application. What is the most popular framework for doing so? What is your recommended framework? Also, why doesn't Selenium do this (or does it)? It seems to me that anything that can test a web app should be able to test a windows app.
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Try the Abbot Java GUI Test Framework.
Selenium is JavaScript based Framework so can only run on things that can execute JavaScript. Browsers do this natively.
As far as I am concerned there isn't really a Testing Framework that is comparable to Selenium on the desktop because it is quite hard to write a framework that hooks into the OS as natively as Selenium Hooks into the Browser. Popular, not necessilary best, are QTP, SilkTest, TestComplete
QTP , Silktest are the best tools for testing the Windows application UI.
The reason Selenium can't do this is that it uses Javascript running in the web browser to do the testing. It simulates clicking buttons, entering data, etc via Javascript. If Javascript is disabled, it won't work. And since Swing/AWT apps don't have Javascript, Selenium won't work on them, either.
If you have Visual Studio 2010, you could also use the newly introduced Visual Studio UI Automation Testing (also known as Coded UI). It's a bit like using Selenium with an ui-map.