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A Google search turned up software that performs the same functions as cron, but nothing built into Windows.
I'm running Windows XP Professional, but advice for any version of Windows would be potentially helpful to someone.
Is there also a way to invoke this feature (which based on answers is called the Task Scheduler) programatically or via the command line?
Task scheduler API on MSDN.
There is NNCron for Windows. IT can schedule jobs to be run periodically.
In addition to Windows Task Scheduler you also have 'at' on Windows. I'm not sure how it differs from Task Scheduler besides the fact that it has a command line interface.