JavaScript and Threads

Question

Is there some way to do multi-threading in JavaScript?

Answer 1

There's no true threading in JavaScript. JavaScript being the malleable language that it is, does allow you to emulate some of it. Here is an example I came across the other day.

Answer 2

With HTML5 specification you do not need to write too much JS for the same or find some hacks.

One of the feature introduced in HTML5 is Web Workers which is JavaScript running in the background,independently of other scripts, without affecting the performance of the page.

It is supported in almost all browsers :

Chrome - 4.0+

IE - 10.0+

Mozilla - 3.5+

Safari - 4.0+

Opera - 11.5+

Answer 3

The new v8 engine which should come out today supports it (i think)

Answer 4

Here is just a way to simulate multi-threading in Javascript

Now I am going to create 3 threads which will calculate numbers addition, numbers can be divided with 13 and numbers can be divided with 3 till 10000000000. And these 3 functions are not able to run in same time as what Concurrency means. But I will show you a trick that will make these functions run recursively in the same time : jsFiddle

This code belongs to me.

Body Part

    <div class="div1">
    <input type="button" value="start/stop" onclick="_thread1.control ? _thread1.stop() : _thread1.start();" /><span>Counting summation of numbers till 10000000000</span> = <span id="1">0</span>
</div>
<div class="div2">
    <input type="button" value="start/stop" onclick="_thread2.control ? _thread2.stop() : _thread2.start();" /><span>Counting numbers can be divided with 13 till 10000000000</span> = <span id="2">0</span>
</div>
<div class="div3">
    <input type="button" value="start/stop" onclick="_thread3.control ? _thread3.stop() : _thread3.start();" /><span>Counting numbers can be divided with 3 till 10000000000</span> = <span id="3">0</span>
</div>

Javascript Part

var _thread1 = {//This is my thread as object
    control: false,//this is my control that will be used for start stop
    value: 0, //stores my result
    current: 0, //stores current number
    func: function () {   //this is my func that will run
        if (this.control) {      // checking for control to run
            if (this.current < 10000000000) {
                this.value += this.current;   
                document.getElementById("1").innerHTML = this.value;
                this.current++;
            }
        }
        setTimeout(function () {  // And here is the trick! setTimeout is a king that will help us simulate threading in javascript
            _thread1.func();    //You cannot use this.func() just try to call with your object name
        }, 0);
    },
    start: function () {
        this.control = true;   //start function
    },
    stop: function () {
        this.control = false;    //stop function
    },
    init: function () {
        setTimeout(function () {
            _thread1.func();    // the first call of our thread
        }, 0)
    }
};
var _thread2 = {
    control: false,
    value: 0,
    current: 0,
    func: function () {
        if (this.control) {
            if (this.current % 13 == 0) {
                this.value++;
            }
            this.current++;
            document.getElementById("2").innerHTML = this.value;
        }
        setTimeout(function () {
            _thread2.func();
        }, 0);
    },
    start: function () {
        this.control = true;
    },
    stop: function () {
        this.control = false;
    },
    init: function () {
        setTimeout(function () {
            _thread2.func();
        }, 0)
    }
};
var _thread3 = {
    control: false,
    value: 0,
    current: 0,
    func: function () {
        if (this.control) {
            if (this.current % 3 == 0) {
                this.value++;
            }
            this.current++;
            document.getElementById("3").innerHTML = this.value;
        }
        setTimeout(function () {
            _thread3.func();
        }, 0);
    },
    start: function () {
        this.control = true;
    },
    stop: function () {
        this.control = false;
    },
    init: function () {
        setTimeout(function () {
            _thread3.func();
        }, 0)
    }
};

_thread1.init();
_thread2.init();
_thread3.init();

I hope this way will be helpful.

Answer 5

Another possible method is using an javascript interpreter in the javascript environment.

By creating multiple interpreters and controlling their execution from the main thread, you can simulate multi-threading with each thread running in its own environment.

The approach is somewhat similar to web workers, but you give the interpreter access to the browser global environment.

I made a small project to demonstrate this.

A more detailed explanation in this blog post.

Answer 6

Different way to do multi-threading and Asynchronous in JavaScript

Before HTML5 JavaScript only allowed the execution of one thread per page.

There was some hacky way to simulate an asynchronous execution with Yield, setTimeout(), setInterval(), XMLHttpRequest or event handlers (see the end of this post for an example with yield and setTimeout()).

But with HTML5 we can now use Worker Threads to parallelize the execution of functions. Here is an example of use.

---

Real multi-threading

Multi-threading: JavaScript Worker Threads

HTML5 introduced Web Worker Threads (see: browsers compatibilities)
Note: IE9 and earlier versions do not support it.

These worker threads are JavaScript threads that run in background without affecting the performance of the page. For more information about Web Worker read the documentation or this tutorial.

Here is a simple example with 3 Web Worker threads that count to MAX_VALUE and show the current computed value in our page:

//As a worker normally take another JavaScript file to execute we convert the function in an URL: http://stackoverflow.com/a/16799132/2576706
function getScriptPath(foo){ return window.URL.createObjectURL(new Blob([foo.toString().match(/^\s*function\s*\(\s*\)\s*\{(([\s\S](?!\}$))*[\s\S])/)[1]],{type:'text/javascript'})); }

var MAX_VALUE = 10000;

/*
 *	Here are the workers
 */
//Worker 1
var worker1 = new Worker(getScriptPath(function(){
    self.addEventListener('message', function(e) {
        var value = 0;
        while(value <= e.data){
            self.postMessage(value);
            value++;
        }
    }, false);
}));
//We add a listener to the worker to get the response and show it in the page
worker1.addEventListener('message', function(e) {
  document.getElementById("result1").innerHTML = e.data;
}, false);


//Worker 2
var worker2 = new Worker(getScriptPath(function(){
    self.addEventListener('message', function(e) {
        var value = 0;
        while(value <= e.data){
            self.postMessage(value);
            value++;
        }
    }, false);
}));
worker2.addEventListener('message', function(e) {
  document.getElementById("result2").innerHTML = e.data;
}, false);


//Worker 3
var worker3 = new Worker(getScriptPath(function(){
    self.addEventListener('message', function(e) {
        var value = 0;
        while(value <= e.data){
            self.postMessage(value);
            value++;
        }
    }, false);
}));
worker3.addEventListener('message', function(e) {
    document.getElementById("result3").innerHTML = e.data;
}, false);


// Start and send data to our worker.
worker1.postMessage(MAX_VALUE); 
worker2.postMessage(MAX_VALUE); 
worker3.postMessage(MAX_VALUE);

<div id="result1"></div>
<div id="result2"></div>
<div id="result3"></div>

We can see that the three threads are executed in concurrency and print their current value in the page. They don't freeze the page because they are executed in the background with separated threads.

---

Multi-threading: with multiple iframes

Another way to achieve this is to use multiple iframes, each one will execute a thread. We can give the iframe some parameters by the URL and the iframe can communicate with his parent in order to get the result and print it back (the iframe must be in the same domain).

This example doesn't work in all browsers! iframes usually run in the same thread/process as the main page (but Firefox and Chromium seem to handle it differently).

Since the code snippet does not support multiple HTML files, I will just provide the different codes here:

index.html:

//The 3 iframes containing the code (take the thread id in param)
<iframe id="threadFrame1" src="thread.html?id=1"></iframe>
<iframe id="threadFrame2" src="thread.html?id=2"></iframe>
<iframe id="threadFrame3" src="thread.html?id=3"></iframe>

//Divs that shows the result
<div id="result1"></div>
<div id="result2"></div>
<div id="result3"></div>


<script>
    //This function is called by each iframe
    function threadResult(threadId, result) {
        document.getElementById("result" + threadId).innerHTML = result;
    }
</script>

thread.html:

//Get the parameters in the URL: http://stackoverflow.com/a/1099670/2576706
function getQueryParams(paramName) {
    var qs = document.location.search.split('+').join(' ');
    var params = {}, tokens, re = /[?&]?([^=]+)=([^&]*)/g;
    while (tokens = re.exec(qs)) {
        params[decodeURIComponent(tokens[1])] = decodeURIComponent(tokens[2]);
    }
    return params[paramName];
}

//The thread code (get the id from the URL, we can pass other parameters as needed)
var MAX_VALUE = 100000;
(function thread() {
    var threadId = getQueryParams('id');
    for(var i=0; i<MAX_VALUE; i++){
        parent.threadResult(threadId, i);
    }
})();

---

Simulate multi-threading

Single-thread: emulate JavaScript concurrency with setTimeout()

The 'naive' way would be to execute the function setTimeout() one after the other like this:

setTimeout(function(){ /* Some tasks */ }, 0);
setTimeout(function(){ /* Some tasks */ }, 0);
[...]

But this method does not work because each task will be executed one after the other.

We can simulate asynchronous execution by calling the function recursively like this:

var MAX_VALUE = 10000;

function thread1(value, maxValue){
    var me = this;
    document.getElementById("result1").innerHTML = value;
    value++;
  
    //Continue execution
    if(value<=maxValue)
        setTimeout(function () { me.thread1(value, maxValue); }, 0);
}

function thread2(value, maxValue){
    var me = this;
    document.getElementById("result2").innerHTML = value;
    value++;
	
    if(value<=maxValue)
        setTimeout(function () { me.thread2(value, maxValue); }, 0);
}

function thread3(value, maxValue){
    var me = this;
    document.getElementById("result3").innerHTML = value;
    value++;
	
    if(value<=maxValue)
        setTimeout(function () { me.thread3(value, maxValue); }, 0);
}

thread1(0, MAX_VALUE);
thread2(0, MAX_VALUE);
thread3(0, MAX_VALUE);

<div id="result1"></div>
<div id="result2"></div>
<div id="result3"></div>

As you can see this second method is very slow and freezes the browser because it uses the main thread to execute the functions.

---

Single-thread: emulate JavaScript concurrency with yield

Yield is a new feature in ECMAScript 6, it only works on the oldest version of Firefox and Chrome (in Chrome you need to enable Experimental JavaScript appearing in chrome://flags/#enable-javascript-harmony).

The yield keyword causes generator function execution to pause and the value of the expression following the yield keyword is returned to the generator's caller. It can be thought of as a generator-based version of the return keyword.

A generator allows you to suspend execution of a function and resume it later. A generator can be used to schedule your functions with a technique called trampolining.

Here is the example:

var MAX_VALUE = 10000;

Scheduler = {
	_tasks: [],
	add: function(func){
		this._tasks.push(func);
	},	
	start: function(){
		var tasks = this._tasks;
		var length = tasks.length;
		while(length>0){
			for(var i=0; i<length; i++){
				var res = tasks[i].next();
				if(res.done){
					tasks.splice(i, 1);
					length--;
					i--;
				}
			}
		}
	}	
}


function* updateUI(threadID, maxValue) {
  var value = 0;
  while(value<=maxValue){
	yield document.getElementById("result" + threadID).innerHTML = value;
	value++;
  }
}

Scheduler.add(updateUI(1, MAX_VALUE));
Scheduler.add(updateUI(2, MAX_VALUE));
Scheduler.add(updateUI(3, MAX_VALUE));

Scheduler.start()

<div id="result1"></div>
<div id="result2"></div>
<div id="result3"></div>