How to securely save username/password (local)?

Question

I'm making a Windows application, which you need to log into first.
The account details consist of username and password, and they need to be saved locally.
It's just a matter of security, so other people using the same computer can't see everyone's personal data.
What is the best/most secure way to save this data?

I don't want to use a database, so I tried some things with Resource files.
But since I'm kind of new with this, I'm not entirely sure of what I'm doing and where I should be looking for a solution.

Answer 1

I have used this before and I think in order to make sure credential persist and in a best secure way is

1. you can write them to the app config file using the ConfigurationManager class
2. securing the password using the SecureString class
3. then encrypting it using tools in the Cryptography namespace.

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Answer 2

DPAPI is just for this purpose. Use DPAPI to encrypt the password the first time the user enters is, store it in a secure location (User's registry, User's application data directory, are some choices). Whenever the app is launched, check the location to see if your key exists, if it does use DPAPI to decrypt it and allow access, otherwise deny it.

Answer 3

If you are just going to verify/validate the entered user name and password, use the Rfc2898DerivedBytes class (also known as Password Based Key Derivation Function 2 or PBKDF2). This is more secure than using encryption like Triple DES or AES because there is no practical way to go from the result of RFC2898DerivedBytes back to the password. You can only go from a password to the result. See Is it ok to use SHA1 hash of password as a salt when deriving encryption key and IV from password string? for an example and discussion for .Net or String encrypt / decrypt with password c# Metro Style for WinRT/Metro.

If you are storing the password for reuse, such as supplying it to a third party, use the Windows Data Protection API (DPAPI). This uses operating system generated and protected keys and the Triple DES encryption algorithm to encrypt and decrypt information. This means your application does not have to worry about generating and protecting the encryption keys, a major concern when using cryptography.

In C#, use the System.Security.Cryptography.ProtectedData class. For example, to encrypt a piece of data, use ProtectedData.Protect():

// Data to protect. Convert a string to a byte[] using Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes().
byte[] plaintext; 

// Generate additional entropy (will be used as the Initialization vector)
byte[] entropy = new byte[20];
using(RNGCryptoServiceProvider rng = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider())
{
    rng.GetBytes(entropy);
}

byte[] ciphertext = ProtectedData.Protect(plaintext, entropy,
    DataProtectionScope.CurrentUser);

Store the entropy and ciphertext securely, such as in a file or registry key with permissions set so only the current user can read it. To get access to the original data, use ProtectedData.Unprotect():

byte[] plaintext= ProtectedData.Unprotect(ciphertext, entropy,
    DataProtectionScope.CurrentUser);

Note that there are additional security considerations. For example, avoid storing secrets like passwords as a string. Strings are immutable, being they cannot be notified in memory so someone looking at the application's memory or a memory dump may see the password. Use SecureString or a byte[] instead and remember to dispose or zero them as soon as the password is no longer needed.

Answer 4

This only works on Windows, so if you are planning to use dotnet core cross-platform, you'll have to look elsewhere. See https://github.com/dotnet/corefx/blob/master/Documentation/architecture/cross-platform-cryptography.md