Debugging SIGBUS on x86 Linux

Question

What can cause SIGBUS (bus error) on a generic x86 userland application in Linux? All of the discussion I've been able to find online is regarding memory alignment errors, which from what I understand doesn't really apply to x86.

(My code is running on a Geode, in case there are any relevant processor-specific quirks there.)

Answer 1

SIGBUS on x86 (including x86_64) Linux is a rare beast. It may appear from attempt to access past the end of mmaped file, or some other situations described by POSIX.

But from hardware faults it's not easy to get SIGBUS. Namely, unaligned access from any instruction — be it SIMD or not — usually results in SIGSEGV. Stack overflows result in SIGSEGV. Even accesses to addresses not in canonical form result in SIGSEGV. All this due to #GP being raised, which almost always maps to SIGSEGV.

Now, here're some ways to get SIGBUS due to a CPU exception:

1. Enable AC bit in EFLAGS, then do unaligned access by any memory read or write instruction. See this discussion for details.

2. Do canonical violation via a stack pointer register (rsp or rbp), generating #SS. Here's an example for GCC (compile with gcc test.c -o test -masm=intel):

int main()
{
    __asm__("mov rbp,0x400000000000000\n"
            "mov rax,[rbp]\n"
            "ud2\n");
}