How to convert a string to UTF8 in Ruby

Question

I'm writing a crawler which uses Hpricot. It downloads a list of strings from some webpage, then I try to write it to the file. Something is wrong with the encoding:

"\xC3" from ASCII-8BIT to UTF-8

I have items which are rendered on a webpage and printed this way:

Développement

the str.encoding returns UTF-8, so force_encoding('UTF-8') doesn't help. How may I convert this to readable UTF-8?

Answer 1

"ruby 1.9: invalid byte sequence in UTF-8" described another good approach with less code:

file_contents.encode!('UTF-16', 'UTF-8')

Answer 2

Seems your string thinks it is UTF-8, but in reality, it is something else, probably ISO-8859-1.

Define (force) the correct encoding first, then convert it to UTF-8.

In your example:

puts "Développement".encode('iso-8859-1').encode('utf-8')

An alternative is:

puts "\xC3".force_encoding('iso-8859-1').encode('utf-8') #-> Ã

If the Ã makes no sense, then try another encoding.

Answer 3

Your string seems to have been encoded the wrong way round:

"Développement".encode("iso-8859-1").force_encoding("utf-8")
#=> "Développement"