Function Pointers in Java

Question

This may be something common and trivial, but I seem to be having trouble finding a concrete answer. In C# there is a concept of delegates, which relates strongly to the idea of function pointers from C++. Is there a similar functionality in Java? Given that pointers are somewhat absent, what is the best way about this? And to be clear, we're talking first class here.

Answer 1

Java8 has introduced lambdas and method references. So if your function matches a functional interface (you can create your own) you can use a method reference in this case.

Java provides a set of common functional interfaces. whereas you could do the following:

public class Test {
   public void test1(Integer i) {}
   public void test2(Integer i) {}
   public void consumer(Consumer<Integer> a) {
     a.accept(10);
   }
   public void provideConsumer() {
     consumer(this::test1);   // method reference
     consumer(x -> test2(x)); // lambda
   }
}

Answer 2

There is no such thing in Java. You will need to wrap your function into some object and pass the reference to that object in order to pass the reference to the method on that object.

Syntactically, this can be eased to a certain extent by using anonymous classes defined in-place or anonymous classes defined as member variables of the class.

Example:

class MyComponent extends JPanel {
    private JButton button;
    public MyComponent() {
        button = new JButton("click me");
        button.addActionListener(buttonAction);
        add(button);
    }

    private ActionListener buttonAction = new ActionListener() {
        public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
            // handle the event...
            // note how the handler instance can access 
            // members of the surrounding class
            button.setText("you clicked me");
        }
    }
}

Answer 3

Check the closures how they have been implemented in the lambdaj library. They actually have a behavior very similar to C# delegates:

http://code.google.com/p/lambdaj/wiki/Closures

Answer 4

I have implemented callback/delegate support in Java using reflection. Details and working source are available on my website.

How It Works

We have a principle class named Callback with a nested class named WithParms. The API which needs the callback will take a Callback object as a parameter and, if neccessary, create a Callback.WithParms as a method variable. Since a great many of the applications of this object will be recursive, this works very cleanly.

With performance still a high priority to me, I didn't want to be required to create a throwaway object array to hold the parameters for every invocation - after all in a large data structure there could be thousands of elements, and in a message processing scenario we could end up processing thousands of data structures a second.

In order to be threadsafe the parameter array needs to exist uniquely for each invocation of the API method, and for efficiency the same one should be used for every invocation of the callback; I needed a second object which would be cheap to create in order to bind the callback with a parameter array for invocation. But, in some scenarios, the invoker would already have a the parameter array for other reasons. For these two reasons, the parameter array did not belong in the Callback object. Also the choice of invocation (passing the parameters as an array or as individual objects) belongs in the hands of the API using the callback enabling it to use whichever invocation is best suited to it's inner workings.

The WithParms nested class, then, is optional and serves two purposes, it contains the parameter object array needed for the callback invocations, and it provides 10 overloaded invoke() methods (with from 1 to 10 parameters) which load the parameter array and then invoke the callback target.

Answer 5

You can substitue a function pointer with an interface. Lets say you want to run through a collection and do something with each element.

public interface IFunction {
  public void execute(Object o);
}

This is the interface we could pass to some say CollectionUtils2.doFunc(Collection c, IFunction f).

public static void doFunc(Collection c, IFunction f) {
   for (Object o : c) {
      f.execute(o);
   }
}

As an example say we have a collection of numbers and you would like to add 1 to every element.

CollectionUtils2.doFunc(List numbers, new IFunction() {
    public void execute(Object o) {
       Integer anInt = (Integer) o;
       anInt++;
    }
});

Answer 6

No, functions are not first class objects in java. You can do the same thing by implementing a handler class - this is how callbacks are implemented in the Swing etc.

There are however proposals for closures (the official name for what you're talking about) in future versions of java - Javaworld has an interesting article.