Faster sockets in Python

Question

I have a client written in Python for a server, which functions through LAN. Some part of the algorithm uses socket reading intensively and it is executing about 3-6 times slower, than almost the same one written in C++. What solutions exist for making Python socket reading faster?

I have some simple buffering implemented, and my class for working with sockets looks like this:

import socket
import struct

class Sock():
    def __init__(self):
        self.s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
        self.recv_buf = b''
        self.send_buf = b''

    def connect(self):
        self.s.connect(('127.0.0.1', 6666))

    def close(self):
        self.s.close()

    def recv(self, lngth):
        while len(self.recv_buf) < lngth:
                self.recv_buf += self.s.recv(lngth - len(self.recv_buf))

        res = self.recv_buf[-lngth:]
        self.recv_buf = self.recv_buf[:-lngth]
        return res

    def next_int(self):
        return struct.unpack("i", self.recv(4))[0]

    def next_float(self):
        return struct.unpack("f", self.recv(4))[0]

    def write_int(self, i):
        self.send_buf += struct.pack('i', i)

    def write_float(self, f):
        self.send_buf += struct.pack('f', f)

    def flush(self):
        self.s.sendall(self.send_buf)
        self.send_buf = b''

P.S.: profiling also shows that the majority of time is spent reading sockets.

Edit: Because data is received in blocks with known size, I can read the whole block at once. So I've changed my code to this:

class Sock():
    def __init__(self):
        self.s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
        self.send_buf = b''

    def connect(self):
        self.s.connect(('127.0.0.1', 6666))

    def close(self):
        self.s.close()

    def recv_prepare(self, cnt):
        self.recv_buf = bytearray()
        while len(self.recv_buf) < cnt:
            self.recv_buf.extend(self.s.recv(cnt - len(self.recv_buf)))

        self.recv_buf_i = 0

    def skip_read(self, cnt):
        self.recv_buf_i += cnt

    def next_int(self):
        self.recv_buf_i += 4
        return struct.unpack("i", self.recv_buf[self.recv_buf_i - 4:self.recv_buf_i])[0]

    def next_float(self):
        self.recv_buf_i += 4
        return struct.unpack("f", self.recv_buf[self.recv_buf_i - 4:self.recv_buf_i])[0]

    def write_int(self, i):
        self.send_buf += struct.pack('i', i)

    def write_float(self, f):
        self.send_buf += struct.pack('f', f)

    def flush(self):
        self.s.sendall(self.send_buf)
        self.send_buf = b''

recv'ing from socket looks optimal in this code. But now next_int and next_float became the second bottleneck, they take about 1 msec (3000 CPU cycles) per call just to unpack. Is it possible to make them faster, like in C++?

Answer 1

Your latest bottleneck is in next_int and next_float because you create intermediate strings from the bytearray and because you only unpack one value at a time.

The struct module has an unpack_from that takes a buffer and an offset. This is more efficient because there is no need to create an intermediate string from your bytearray:

def next_int(self):
    self.recv_buf_i += 4
    return struct.unpack_from("i", self.recv_buf, self.recv_buf_i-4)[0]

Additionally, struct module can unpack more than one value at a time. Currently, you call from Python to C (via the module) for each value. You would be better served by calling it fewer times and letting it do more work on each call:

def next_chunk(self, fmt): # fmt can be a group such as "iifff" 
    sz = struct.calcsize(fmt) 
    self.recv_buf_i += sz
    return struct.unpack_from(fmt, self.recv_buf, self.recv_buf_i-sz)

If you know that fmt will always be 4 byte integers and floats you can replace struct.calcsize(fmt) with 4 * len(fmt).

Finally, as a matter of preference I think this reads more cleanly:

def next_chunk(self, fmt): 
    sz = struct.calcsize(fmt) 
    chunk = struct.unpack_from(fmt, self.recv_buf, self.recv_buf_i)
    self.recv_buf_i += sz
    return chunk