Does Java volatile prevent caching or enforce writ

Question

I'm trying to understand Java's volatile keyword with respect to writing to a volatile atomic variable in a multithreaded program with CPU caches.

I've read several tutorials and the Java Language Specification, particularly section 17.4.5 on "happens-before ordering". My understanding is that when a thread writes a new value to a volatile variable, the updated value must be visible to other threads reading that variable. To me, these semantics can be implemented in one of two ways:

1. Threads can cache a volatile variable in the CPU cache, but a write to the variable in the cache must be flushed immediately to main memory. In other words, the cache is write-through.

2. Threads can never cache a volatile variable and must read and write such variables in main memory.

Approach 1 is mentioned in this tutorial (http://tutorials.jenkov.com) that says:

By declaring the counter variable volatile all writes to the counter variable will be written back to main memory immediately.

Approach 2 is mentioned in a Stackoverflow question "Volatile variable in Java" and also this tutorial that says:

The value of this variable will never be cached thread-locally: all reads and writes will go straight to "main memory"

Which one is the correct approach used in Java?

Related Stackoverflow questions which do not answer my question:

Volatile variable in Java

Does Java volatile read flush writes, and does volatile write update reads

Java volatile and cache coherence

Answer 1

The guarantees are only what you see in the language specification. In theory, writing a volatile variable might force a cache flush to main memory, or it might not, perhaps with a subsequent read forcing the cache flush or somehow causing transfer of the data between caches without a cache flush. This vagueness is deliberate, as it permits potential future optimizations that might not be possible if the mechanics of volatile variables were spelled out in more detail.

In practice, with current hardware, it probably means that, absent a coherent cache, writing a volatile variable forces a cache flush to main memory. With a coherent cache, of course, such a flush isn't needed.

Answer 2

Within Java, it's most accurate to say that all threads will see the most recent write to a volatile field, along with any writes which preceded that volatile read/write.

Within the Java abstraction, this is functionally equivalent to the volatile fields being read/written from shared memory (but this isn't strictly accurate at a lower level).

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At a much lower level than is relevant to Java; in modern hardware, any and all reads/writes to any and all memory addresses always occur in L1 and registers first. That being said, Java is designed to hide this kind of low level behavior from the programmer, so this is only conceptually relevant to the discussion.

When we use the volatile keyword on a field in Java, this simply tells the compiler to insert something known as a memory barrier on the reads/writes to this field. A memory barrier effectively ensures two things;

1. Any threads reading this address will use the most up-to-date value (the barrier makes them wait until the most recent write makes it back to shared memory, and no reading threads can continue until this updated value makes it to their L1 cache).

2. No reads/writes to ANY fields can cross over the barrier (aka, they are always written back before the other thread can continue, and the compiler/OOO cannot move them to a point after the barrier).

To give a simple Java example;

//on one thread
counter += 1; //normal int field
flag = true; //flag is volatile

//on another thread
if (flag) foo(counter); //will see the incremented value

Essentially, when setting flag to true, we create a memory barrier. When Thread #2 tries to read this field, it runs into our barrier and waits for the new value to arrive. At the same time, the CPU ensures that counter += 1 is written back before that new value arrives. As a result, if flag == true then counter will have been incremented.

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So to sum up;

1. All threads see the most up-to-date values of volatile fields (which can be loosely described as "reads/writes go through shared memory").

2. Reads/writes to volatile fields establish happens-before relationships with previous reads/writes to any fields on one thread.