Why can template instances not be deduced in `std:

Question

Suppose I have some object of type T, and I want to put it into a reference wrapper:

int a = 5, b = 7;

std::reference_wrapper<int> p(a), q(b);   // or "auto p = std::ref(a)"

Now I can readily say if (p < q), because the reference wrapper has a conversion to its wrapped type. All is happy, and I can process a collection of reference wrappers just like they were the original objects.

_{(As the question linked below shows, this can be a useful way to produce an alternate view of an existing collection, which can be rearranged at will without incurring the cost of a full copy, as well as maintaining update integrity with the original collection.)}

However, with some classes this doesn't work:

std::string s1 = "hello", s2 = "world";

std::reference_wrapper<std::string> t1(s1), t2(s2);

return t1 < t2;  // ERROR

My workaround is to define a predicate as in this answer*; but my question is:

Why and when can operators be applied to reference wrappers and transparently use the operators of the wrapped types? Why does it fail for std::string? What has it got to do with the fact that std::string is a template instance?

*) Update: In the light of the answers, it seems that using std::less<T>() is a general solution.

Answer 1

Edit: Moved my guesswork to the bottom, here comes the normative text why this won't work. TL;DR version:

No conversions allowed if the function parameter contains a deduced template parameter.

---

§14.8.3 [temp.over] p1

[...] When a call to that name is written (explicitly, or implicitly using the operator notation), template argument deduction (14.8.2) and checking of any explicit template arguments (14.3) are performed for each function template to find the template argument values (if any) that can be used with that function template to instantiate a function template specialization that can be invoked with the call arguments.

§14.8.2.1 [temp.deduct.call] p4

[...] [ Note: as specified in 14.8.1, implicit conversions will be performed on a function argument to convert it to the type of the corresponding function parameter if the parameter contains no template-parameters that participate in template argument deduction. [...] —end note ]

§14.8.1 [temp.arg.explicit] p6

Implicit conversions (Clause 4) will be performed on a function argument to convert it to the type of the corresponding function parameter if the parameter type contains no template-parameters that participate in template argument deduction. [ Note: Template parameters do not participate in template argument deduction if they are explicitly specified. [...] —end note ]

Since std::basic_string depends on deduced template parameters (CharT, Traits), no conversions are allowed.

---

This is kind of a chicken and egg problem. To deduce the template argument, it needs an actual instance of std::basic_string. To convert to the wrapped type, a conversion target is needed. That target has to be an actual type, which a class template is not. The compiler would have to test all possible instantiations of std::basic_string against the conversion operator or something like that, which is impossible.

Suppose the following minimal testcase:

#include <functional>

template<class T>
struct foo{
    int value;
};

template<class T>
bool operator<(foo<T> const& lhs, foo<T> const& rhs){
    return lhs.value < rhs.value;
}

// comment this out to get a deduction failure
bool operator<(foo<int> const& lhs, foo<int> const& rhs){
    return lhs.value < rhs.value;
}

int main(){
    foo<int> f1 = { 1 }, f2 = { 2 };
    auto ref1 = std::ref(f1), ref2 = std::ref(f2);
    ref1 < ref2;
}

If we don't provide the overload for an instantiation on int, the deduction fails. If we provide that overload, it's something the compiler can test against with the one allowed user-defined conversion (foo<int> const& being the conversion target). Since the conversion matches in this case, overload resolution succeeds and we got our function call.

Answer 2

std::reference_wrapper does not have an operator<, so the only way to do ref_wrapper<ref_wrapper is via the ref_wrapper member:

operator T& () const noexcept;

As you know, std::string is:

typedef basic_string<char> string;

The relevant declaration for string<string is:

template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
bool operator< (const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs, 
                const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;

For string<string this function declaration template is instantiated by matching string = basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator> which resolves to charT = char, etc.

Because std::reference_wrapper (or any of its (zero) bases classes) cannot match basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>, the function declaration template cannot be instantiated into a function declaration, and cannot participate in overloading.

What matters here is that there is no non-template operator< (string, string) prototype.

Minimal code showing the problem

template <typename T>
class Parametrized {};

template <typename T>
void f (Parametrized<T>);

Parametrized<int> p_i;

class Convertible {
public:
    operator Parametrized<int> ();
};

Convertible c;

int main() {
    f (p_i); // deduce template parameter (T = int)
    f (c);   // error: cannot instantiate template
}

Gives:

In function 'int main()':
Line 18: error: no matching function for call to 'f(Convertible&)'

Standard citations

14.8.2.1 Deducing template arguments from a function call [temp.deduct.call]

Template argument deduction is done by comparing each function template parameter type (call it P) with the type of the corresponding argument of the call (call it A) as described below.

(...)

In general, the deduction process attempts to find template argument values that will make the deduced A identical to A (after the type A is transformed as described above). However, there are three cases that allow a difference:

• If the original P is a reference type, the deduced A (i.e., the type referred to by the reference) can be more cv-qualified than the transformed A.

Note that this is the case with std::string()<std::string().

• The transformed A can be another pointer or pointer to member type that can be converted to the deduced A via a qualification conversion (4.4).

See comment below.

• If P is a class and P has the form simple-template-id, then the transformed A can be a derived class of the deduced A.

Comment

This implies that in this paragraph:

14.8.1 Explicit template argument specification [temp.arg.explicit]/6

Implicit conversions (Clause 4) will be performed on a function argument to convert it to the type of the corresponding function parameter if the parameter type contains no template-parameters that participate in template argument deduction.

the if should not be taken as a if and only if, as it would directly contradict the text quoted previously.