generating Variations without repetitions / Permut

Question

I have to generate all variations without repetitions made of digits 0 - 9.

Length of them could be from 1 to 10. I really don't know how to solve it, especially how to avoid repetitions.

Example: length of variations: 4 random variations: 9856, 8753, 1243, 1234 etc. (but not 9985 - contains repetition)

I would be really grateful if somebody can help me with that issue, especially giving some code and clues.

Answer 1

The code for this is similar to the one without duplicates, with the addition of an if-else statement.Check this code

In the above code,Edit the for loop as follows

for (j = i; j <= n; j++)
{

if(a[i]!=a[j] && !is_duplicate(a,i,j))              
    {
        swap((a+i), (a+j));
        permute(a, i+1, n);
        swap((a+i), (a+j)); 
    }
    else if(i!=j)  {}  // if no duplicate is present , do nothing           
    else permute(a,i+1,n);  // skip the ith character
}

bool is_duplicate(int *a,int i,int j) 
{
     if a[i] is present between a[j]...a[i] 
        return 1;
    otherwise
        return 0;

}

worked for me

Answer 2

There is one solution which is not from mine, but it is very nice and sophisticated.

    package permutations;

import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;

/**
 * @author Vladimir Hajek
 *
 */
public class PermutationSimple {
    private static final int MAX_NUMBER = 3;

    Set<String> results = new HashSet<>(0);

    /**
     * 
     */
    public PermutationSimple() {
        // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
    }

    /**
     * @param availableNumbers
     * @return
     */
    public static List<String> generatePermutations(Set<Integer> availableNumbers) {
        List<String> permutations = new LinkedList<>();

        for (Integer number : availableNumbers) {
            Set<Integer> numbers = new HashSet<>(availableNumbers);
            numbers.remove(number);

            if (!numbers.isEmpty()) {
                List<String> childPermutations = generatePermutations(numbers);
                for (String childPermutation : childPermutations) {
                    String permutation = number + childPermutation;
                    permutations.add(permutation);
                }
            } else {
                permutations.add(number.toString());
            }
        }

        return permutations;
    }

    /**
     * @param args
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Set<Integer> availableNumbers = new HashSet<>(0);

        for (int i = 1; i <= MAX_NUMBER; i++) {
            availableNumbers.add(i);
        }

        List<String> permutations = generatePermutations(availableNumbers);
        for (String permutation : permutations) {
            System.out.println(permutation);
        }

    }
}

I think, this is the excellent solution.

Answer 3

using Dollar it is simple:

@Test
public void generatePermutations() {
    // digits is the string "0123456789"
    String digits = $('0', '9').join();

    // then generate 10 permutations
    for (int i : $(10)) {
        // shuffle, the cut (0, 4) in order to get a 4-char permutation
        System.out.println($(digits).shuffle().slice(4));
    }
}

Answer 4

I have created the following code for generating permutations where ordering is important and with no repetition. It makes use of generics for permuting any type of object:

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;

public class Permutations {

    public static <T> Collection<List<T>> generatePermutationsNoRepetition(Set<T> availableNumbers) {
        Collection<List<T>> permutations = new HashSet<>();

        for (T number : availableNumbers) {
            Set<T> numbers = new HashSet<>(availableNumbers);
            numbers.remove(number);

            if (!numbers.isEmpty()) {
                Collection<List<T>> childPermutations = generatePermutationsNoRepetition(numbers);
                for (List<T> childPermutation : childPermutations) {
                    List<T> permutation = new ArrayList<>();
                    permutation.add(number);
                    permutation.addAll(childPermutation);
                    permutations.add(permutation);
                }
            } else {
                List<T> permutation = new ArrayList<>();
                permutation.add(number);
                permutations.add(permutation);
            }
        }

        return permutations;
    }
}

Answer 5

Permutation without repetition is based on theorem, that amount of results is factorial of count of elements (in this case numbers). In your case 10! is 10*9*8*7*6*5*4*3*2*1 = 3628800. The proof why it is exactly right is right solution for generation also. Well so how. On first position i.e. from left you can have 10 numbers, on the second position you can have only 9 numbers, because one number is on the position on the left and we cannot repeat the same number etc. (the proof is done by mathematical induction). So how to generate first ten results? According my knowledges, he simplest way is to use cyclic shift. It means the order of number shift to the left on one position (or right if you want) and the number which overflow to put on the empty place. It means for first ten results:

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8
6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7
5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6
...

The first line is basic sample, so it is the good idea to put it into set before generation. Advantage is, that in the next step you will have to solve the same problem to avoid undesirable duplicities.

In next step recursively rotate only 10-1 numbers 10-1 times etc. It means for first 9 results in step two:

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9
10 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 8
10 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 8 7
10 5 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6
...

etc, notice, that first line is present from previous step, so it must not be added to generated set again.

Algorithm recursively doing exactly that, what is explained above. It is possible to generate all the 3628800 combinations for 10!, because number of nesting is the same as number of elements in array (it means in your case for 10 numbers it lingers about 5min. on my computer) and you need have enough memory if you want to keep all combinations in array.

There is solution.

package permutation;

/** Class for generation amount of combinations (factorial)
 * !!! this is generate proper permutations without repeating and proper amount (počet) of rows !!!
 *
 * @author hariprasad
 */
public class TestForPermutationII {
  private static final String BUMPER = "*";
  private static int counter = 0;
  private static int sumsum = 0;
  // definitoin of array for generation
  //int[] testsimple = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};
  int[] testsimple = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
  private int ELEMNUM = testsimple.length;
  int[][] shuff;

  private String gaps(int len) {
    String addGap = "";
    for(int i=0; i <len; i++)
      addGap += "  ";
    return addGap;
  }

  /** Factorial computing */
  private int fact(int num) {
    if (num > 1) {
      return num * fact(num - 1);
    } else {
      return 1;
    }
  }

  /** Cyclic shift position to the left */  
  private int[] lShiftPos(int[] arr, int pos) {
    int[] work = new int[ELEMNUM];
    int offset = -1;
    for (int jj = 0; jj < arr.length; jj++) {
      if (jj < pos) {
        work[jj] = arr[jj];
      } else if (jj <= arr.length - 1) {
        if (jj == pos) {
          offset = arr[pos]; // last element
        }
        if (jj != (arr.length - 1)) {
          work[jj] = arr[jj + 1];
        } else {
          work[jj] = offset;
        }
      }
    }
    return work;
  }

  private String printBuff(int[] buffer) {
    String res = "";
    for (int i= 0; i < buffer.length; i++) {
      if (i == 0) 
        res += buffer[i];
      else
        res += ", " + buffer[i];
    }
    return res;
  };

  /** Recursive generator for arbitrary length of array */
  private String permutationGenerator(int pos, int level) {
    String ret = BUMPER;
    int templen = counter;
    int[] work = new int[ELEMNUM];
    int locsumread = 0;
    int locsumnew = 0;
    //System.out.println("\nCalled level: " + level);

    for (int i = 0; i <= templen; i++) {
      work = shuff[i];
      sumsum++;
      locsumread++;
      for (int ii = 0; ii < pos; ii++) {
        counter++;
        sumsum++;
        locsumnew++;
        work = lShiftPos(work, level); // deep copy
        shuff[counter] = work;
      }
    }

    System.out.println("locsumread, locsumnew: " + locsumread + ", " + locsumnew);
    // if level == ELEMNUM-2, it means no another shift
    if (level < ELEMNUM-2) {
      ret = permutationGenerator(pos-1, level+1);
      ret = "Level " + level + " end.";
      //System.out.println(ret);
    }
    return ret;
  }

  public static void main(String[] argv) {
    TestForPermutationII test = new TestForPermutationII();
    counter = 0;
    int len = test.testsimple.length;
    int[] work = new int[len];

    test.shuff = new int[test.fact(len)][];

    //initial
    test.shuff[counter] = test.testsimple;
    work = test.testsimple; // shalow copy

    test.shuff = new int[test.fact(len)][];
    counter = 0;
    test.shuff[counter] = test.testsimple;
    test.permutationGenerator(len-1, 0);

    for (int i = 0; i <= counter; i++) {
      System.out.println(test.printBuff(test.shuff[i]));
    }

    System.out.println("Counter, cycles: " + counter + ", " + sumsum);
  }
}

Intensity (number of cycles) of algorithm is sum of incomplete factorials of number of members. So there is overhang when partial set is again read to generate next subset, so intensity is:

n! + n!/2! + n!/3! + ... + n!/(n-2)! + n!(n-1)!

Answer 6

Brief helpful permutation indexing Knowledge

Create a method that generates the correct permutation, given an index value between {0 and N! -1} for "zero indexed" or {1 and N!} for "one indexed".

Create a second method containing a "for loop" where the lower bound is 1 and the upper bound is N!. eg.. "for (i; i <= N!; i++)" for every instance of the loop call the first method, passing i as the argument.