Approximate cost to access various caches and main

Question

Can anyone give me the approximate time (in nanoseconds) to access L1, L2 and L3 caches, as well as main memory on Intel i7 processors?

While this isn't specifically a programming question, knowing these kinds of speed details is neccessary for some low-latency programming challenges.

Answer 1

Answer 2

Just for a sake of 2015's review of the predictions for 2020:

Still some improvements, prediction for 2020 (Ref. olibre's answer below)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
   16 000 ns ( 16 µs) SSD random read (olibre's note: should be less)
  500 000 ns (  ½ ms) Round trip in datacenter
2 000 000 ns (  2 ms) HDD random read (seek)

In 2015 there are currently available:
========================================================================
      820 ns ( 0.8µs)     random read from a SSD-DataPlane
    1 200 ns ( 1.2µs) Round trip in datacenter
    1 200 ns ( 1.2µs)     random read from a HDD-DataPlane

Just for a sake of CPU and GPU latency landscape comparison:

Not an easy task to compare even the simplest CPU / cache / DRAM lineups ( even in a uniform memory access model ), where DRAM-speed is a factor in determining latency, and loaded latency (saturated system), where the latter rules and is something the enterprise applications will experience more than an idle fully unloaded system.

                    +----------------------------------- 5,6,7,8,9,..12,15,16 
                    |                               +--- 1066,1333,..2800..3300
                    v                               v
First  word = ( ( CAS latency * 2 ) + ( 1 - 1 ) ) / Data Rate  
Fourth word = ( ( CAS latency * 2 ) + ( 4 - 1 ) ) / Data Rate
Eighth word = ( ( CAS latency * 2 ) + ( 8 - 1 ) ) / Data Rate
                                        ^----------------------- 7x .. difference
******************************** 
So:
===

resulting DDR3-side latencies are between _____________
                                          3.03 ns    ^
                                                     |
                                         36.58 ns ___v_ based on DDR3 HW facts

GPU-engines have received a lot of technical marketing, while deep internal dependencies are keys to understand both the real strengths and also the real weaknesses these architectures experience in practice ( typically much different than the aggressive marketing whistled-up expectations ).

   1 ns _________ LETS SETUP A TIME/DISTANCE SCALE FIRST:
          °      ^
          |\     |a 1 ft-distance a foton travels in vacuum ( less in dark-fibre )
          | \    |
          |  \   |
        __|___\__v____________________________________________________
          |    |
          |<-->|  a 1 ns TimeDOMAIN "distance", before a foton arrived
          |    |
          ^    v 
    DATA  |    |DATA
    RQST'd|    |RECV'd ( DATA XFER/FETCH latency )

  25 ns @ 1147 MHz FERMI:  GPU Streaming Multiprocessor REGISTER access
  35 ns @ 1147 MHz FERMI:  GPU Streaming Multiprocessor    L1-onHit-[--8kB]CACHE

  70 ns @ 1147 MHz FERMI:  GPU Streaming Multiprocessor SHARED-MEM access

 230 ns @ 1147 MHz FERMI:  GPU Streaming Multiprocessor texL1-onHit-[--5kB]CACHE
 320 ns @ 1147 MHz FERMI:  GPU Streaming Multiprocessor texL2-onHit-[256kB]CACHE

 350 ns
 700 ns @ 1147 MHz FERMI:  GPU Streaming Multiprocessor GLOBAL-MEM access
 - - - - -

Understanding internalities is thus much more important, than in other fields, where architectures are published and numerous benchmarks freely available. Many thanks to GPU-micro-testers, who 've spent their time and creativity to unleash the truth of the real schemes of work inside the black-box approach tested GPU devices.

    +====================| + 11-12 [usec] XFER-LATENCY-up   HostToDevice    ~~~ same as Intel X48 / nForce 790i
    |                                                                       

                                                        
            

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Answer 3

Answer 4

Answer 5

Numbers everyone should know

           0.5 ns - CPU L1 dCACHE reference
           1   ns - speed-of-light (a photon) travel a 1 ft (30.5cm) distance
           5   ns - CPU L1 iCACHE Branch mispredict
           7   ns - CPU L2  CACHE reference
          71   ns - CPU cross-QPI/NUMA best  case on XEON E5-46*
         100   ns - MUTEX lock/unlock
         100   ns - own DDR MEMORY reference
         135   ns - CPU cross-QPI/NUMA best  case on XEON E7-*
         202   ns - CPU cross-QPI/NUMA worst case on XEON E7-*
         325   ns - CPU cross-QPI/NUMA worst case on XEON E5-46*
      10,000   ns - Compress 1K bytes with Zippy PROCESS
      20,000   ns - Send 2K bytes over 1 Gbps NETWORK
     250,000   ns - Read 1 MB sequentially from MEMORY
     500,000   ns - Round trip within a same DataCenter
  10,000,000   ns - DISK seek
  10,000,000   ns - Read 1 MB sequentially from NETWORK
  30,000,000   ns - Read 1 MB sequentially from DISK
 150,000,000   ns - Send a NETWORK packet CA -> Netherlands
|   |   |   |
|   |   | ns|
|   | us|
| ms|

From: Originally by Peter Norvig:
- http://norvig.com/21-days.html#answers
- http://surana.wordpress.com/2009/01/01/numbers-everyone-should-know/,
- http://sites.google.com/site/io/building-scalable-web-applications-with-google-app-engine

Answer 6

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