I want to modify a C program to make some of the files it creates hidden in Windows. What Windows or (even better) POSIX API will set the hidden file attribute?
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You can do it by calling SetFileAttributes and setting the FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN flag. See http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa365535%28VS.85%29.aspx
This is not POSIX though. To create a 'hidden' file under a normal POSIX system like Linux, just start a filename with a dot (.).
Use CreateFile with the FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN flag
You are looking for the GetFileAttributesEx, GetFileAttributes and SetFileAttributes set of methods in the Win32 API.
Starting point of the documentation
Windows and UNIX-like systems have different views on what exactly is a hidden file. On UNIX-likes conventionally file names starting with a dot are considered "hidden". Windows file systems on the other hand have a "hidden" attribute for files.
So for POSIX you should probably just create your files with a starting dot in the file name.
On Windows you can use the SetFileAttributes function.