Mutating function inside class

Question

Consider this class in Swift:

class Zombie: Monster {
    var walksWithLimp = true

    final override func terrorizeTown()
    {
        town?.changePopulation(-10)
        super.terrorizeTown()
    }

    func changeName(name: String, walksWithLimp: Bool)
    {
        self.name = name
        self.walksWithLimp = walksWithLimp
    }
}

Zombie inherits the name field from the Monster class.

var name = "Monster"

Why does

fredTheZombie.changeName("Tom", walksWithLimp: true) 

work even if there is no mutating keyword before the function header?

Answer 1

Without mutating func

struct Counter {
    let count: Int

    init(count: Int = 0) {
        self.count = count
    }

    // the functional approach
    func counterByIncrementing() -> Counter {
        let newCount = count + 1
        return Counter(count: newCount)
    }
}

var counter = Counter()
counter = counter.counterByIncrementing()

Mutating func

struct Counter {
    // this now has to be a var :/
    var count: Int

    init(count: Int = 0) {
        self.count = count
    }

    // the mutating keyword approach
    mutating func increment() {
        count += 1
    }
}

var counter = Counter()
counter.increment()

In class, all func are mutating. But for struct and enum we need to specify.

Answer 2

mutating is not relevant for classes, it is only for value types, such as struct and enum

Answer 3

From The Language Guide - Methods:

Modifying Value Types from Within Instance Methods

Structures and enumerations are value types. By default, the properties of a value type cannot be modified from within its instance methods.

However, if you need to modify the properties of your structure or enumeration within a particular method, you can opt in to mutating behavior for that method. The method can then mutate (that is, change) its properties from within the method, and any changes that it makes are written back to the original structure when the method ends. The method can also assign a completely new instance to its implicit self property, and this new instance will replace the existing one when the method ends.

You can opt in to this behavior by placing the mutating keyword before the func keyword for that method ...

Hence, we need to include the keyword mutating to allow a member (e.g. a function^†) of a value type to mutate its members (e.g. the member properties of a struct). Mutating a member of a value type instance means mutating the value type instance itself (self), whereas mutating a member of a reference type instance will not mean the reference of the reference type instance (which is considered self) is mutated.

Hence, since a class is a reference type in Swift, we need not include the mutating keyword in any of the instance methods of your Zombie class, even if they mutate the instance members or the class. If we were to speak of mutating the actual class instance fredTheZombie, we would refer to mutating its actual reference (e.g. to point at another Zombie instance).

_{[†]: As another example, we may use e.g. mutating getters (get); in which case we need to mark this explicitly as these are nonmutating by default. Setters (set), on the other hand, are mutating by default, and hence need no mutating keyword even if they mutate members of a value type.}

Answer 4

Another easy to understand example, verified in Swift 3 & 4

struct City
{
  var population : Int 

  func changePopulation(newpopulation : Int) {
     population = newpopulation //error: cannot modify property "population"
  }
}

  var mycity = City(population : 500)
  mycity.changePopulation(newpopulation : 2000) //error: cannot modify property "population"

Solution

mutating func changePopulation(newpopulation : Int)