replace special characters in a string python

Question

I am using urllib to get a string of html from a website and need to put each word in the html document into a list.

Here is the code I have so far. I keep getting an error. I have also copied the error below.

import urllib.request

url = input("Please enter a URL: ")

z=urllib.request.urlopen(url)
z=str(z.read())
removeSpecialChars = str.replace("!@#$%^&*()[]{};:,./<>?\|`~-=_+", " ")

words = removeSpecialChars.split()

print ("Words list: ", words[0:20])

Here is the error.

Please enter a URL: http://simleyfootball.com
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\jeremy.KLUG\My Documents\LiClipse Workspace\Python Project 2\Module2.py", line 7, in <module>
    removeSpecialChars = str.replace("!@#$%^&*()[]{};:,./<>?\|`~-=_+", " ")
TypeError: replace() takes at least 2 arguments (1 given)

Answer 1

str.replace is the wrong function for what you want to do (apart from it being used incorrectly). You want to replace any character of a set with a space, not the whole set with a single space (the latter is what replace does). You can use translate like this:

removeSpecialChars = z.translate ({ord(c): " " for c in "!@#$%^&*()[]{};:,./<>?\|`~-=_+"})

This creates a mapping which maps every character in your list of special characters to a space, then calls translate() on the string, replacing every single character in the set of special characters with a space.

Answer 2

You need to call replace on z and not on str, since you want to replace characters located in the string variable z

removeSpecialChars = z.replace("!@#$%^&*()[]{};:,./<>?\|`~-=_+", " ")

But this will not work, as replace looks for a substring, you will most likely need to use regular expression module re with the sub function:

import re
removeSpecialChars = re.sub("[!@#$%^&*()[]{};:,./<>?\|`~-=_+]", " ", z)

Don't forget the [], which indicates that this is a set of characters to be replaced.

Answer 3

replace operates on a specific string, so you need to call it like this

removeSpecialChars = z.replace("!@#$%^&*()[]{};:,./<>?\|`~-=_+", " ")

but this is probably not what you need, since this will look for a single string containing all that characters in the same order. you can do it with a regexp, as Danny Michaud pointed out.

as a side note, you might want to look for BeautifulSoup, which is a library for parsing messy HTML formatted text like what you usually get from scaping websites.

Answer 4

You can replace the special characters with the desired characters as follows,

import string
specialCharacterText = "H#y #@w @re &*)?"
inCharSet = "!@#$%^&*()[]{};:,./<>?\|`~-=_+\""
outCharSet = "                               " #corresponding characters in inCharSet to be replaced
splCharReplaceList = string.maketrans(inCharSet, outCharSet)
splCharFreeString = specialCharacterText.translate(splCharReplaceList)

Answer 5

One way is to use re.sub, that's my preferred way.

import re
my_str = "hey th~!ere"
my_new_string = re.sub('[^a-zA-Z0-9 \n\.]', '', my_str)
print my_new_string

Output:

hey there

Another way is to use re.escape:

import string
import re

my_str = "hey th~!ere"

chars = re.escape(string.punctuation)
print re.sub(r'['+chars+']', '',my_str)

Output:

hey there

Just a small tip about parameters style in python by PEP-8 parameters should be remove_special_chars and not removeSpecialChars

Also if you want to keep the spaces just change [^a-zA-Z0-9 \n\.] to [^a-zA-Z0-9\n\.]