Does Function pointer make the program slow?

Question

I read about function pointers in C. And everyone said that will make my program run slow. Is it true?

I made a program to check it. And I got the same results on both cases. (measure the time.)

So, is it bad to use function pointer? Thanks in advance.

To response for some guys. I said 'run slow' for the time that I have compared on a loop. like this:

int end = 1000;
int i = 0;

while (i < end) {
 fp = func;
 fp ();
}

When you execute this, i got the same time if I execute this.

while (i < end) {
 func ();
}

So I think that function pointer have no difference of time and it don't make a program run slow as many people said.

Answer 1

Using a function pointer is slower that just calling a function as it is another layer of indirection. (The pointer needs to be dereferenced to get the memory address of the function). While it is slower, compared to everything else your program may do (Read a file, write to the console) it is negligible.

If you need to use function pointers, use them because anything that tries to do the same thing but avoids using them will be slower and less maintainable that using function pointers.

Answer 2

A lot of good points in earlier replies.

However take a look at C qsort comparison function. Because the comparison function cannot be inlined and needs to follow standard stack based calling conventions, the total running time for the sort can be an order of magnitude (more exactly 3-10x) slower for integer keys, than otherwise same code with a direct, inlineable, call.

A typical inlined comparison would be a sequence of simple CMP and possibly CMOV/SET instruction. A function call also incurs the overhead of a CALL, setting up stack frame, doing the comparison, tearing down stack frame and returning the result. Note, that the stack operations can cause pipeline stalls due to CPU pipeline length and virtual registers. For example if value of say eax is needed before the instruction that last modified eax has finished executing (which typically takes about 12 clock cycles on the newest processors). Unless the CPU can execute other instructions out of order to wait for that, a pipeline stall will occur.

Answer 3

I think when people say this they're referring to the fact that using function pointers may prevent compiler optimizations (inlining) and processor optimizations (branch prediction). However, if function pointers are an effective way to accomplish something that you're trying to do, chances are that any other method of doing it would have the same drawbacks.

And unless your function pointers are being used in tight loops in a performance critical application or on a very slow embedded system, chances are the difference is negligible anyway.

Answer 4

And everyone said that will make my program run slow. Is it true?

Most likely this claim is false. For one, if the alternative to using function pointers are something like

if (condition1) {
        func1();
} else if (condition2)
        func2();
} else if (condition3)
        func3();
} else {
        func4();
}

this is most likely relatively much slower than just using a single function pointer. While calling a function through a pointer does have some (typically neglectable) overhead, it is normally not the direct-function-call versus through-pointer-call difference that is relevant to compare.

And secondly, never optimize for performance without any measurements. Knowing where the bottlenecks are is very difficult (read impossible) to know and sometimes this can be quite non-intuitively (for instance the linux kernel developers have started removing the inline keyword from functions because it actually hurt performance).

Answer 5

A lot of people have put in some good answers, but I still think there's a point being missed. Function pointers do add an extra dereference which makes them several cycles slower, that number can increase based on poor branch prediction (which incidentally has almost nothing to do with the function pointer itself). Additionally functions called via a pointer cannot be inlined. But what people are missing is that most people use function pointers as an optimization.

The most common place you will find function pointers in c/c++ APIs is as callback functions. The reason so many APIs do this is because writing a system that invokes a function pointer whenever events occur is much more efficient than other methods like message passing. Personally I've also used function pointers as part of a more-complex input processing system, where each key on the keyboard has a function pointer mapped to it via a jump table. This allowed me to remove any branching or logic from the input system and merely handle the key press coming in.

Answer 6

Possibly.

The answer depends on what the function pointer is being used for and hence what the alternatives are. Comparing function pointer calls to direct function calls is misleading if a function pointer is being used to implement a choice that's part of our program logic and which can't simply be removed. I'll go ahead and nonetheless show that comparison and come back to this thought afterwards.

Function pointer calls have the most opportunity to degrade performance compared to direct function calls when they inhibit inlining. Because inlining is a gateway optimization, we can craft wildly pathological cases where function pointers are made arbitrarily slower than the equivalent direct function call:

void foo(int* x) {
    *x = 0;
}

void (*foo_ptr)(int*) = foo;

int call_foo(int *p, int size) {
    int r = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i != size; ++i)
        r += p[i];
    foo(&r);
    return r;
}

int call_foo_ptr(int *p, int size) {
    int r = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i != size; ++i)
        r += p[i];
    foo_ptr(&r);
    return r;
}

Code generated for call_foo():

call_foo(int*, int):
  xor eax, eax
  ret

Nice. foo() has not only been inlined, but doing so has allowed the compiler to eliminate the entire preceding loop! The generated code simply zeroes out the return register by XORing the register with itself and then returns. On the other hand, compilers will have to generate code for the loop in call_foo_ptr() (100+ lines with gcc 7.3) and most of that code effectively does nothing (so long as foo_ptr still points to foo()). (In more typical scenarios, you can expect that inlining a small function into a hot inner loop might reduce execution time by up to about an order of magnitude.)

So in a worst case scenario, a function pointer call is arbitrarily slower than a direct function call, but this is misleading. It turns out that if foo_ptr had been const, then call_foo() and call_foo_ptr() would have generated the same code. However, this would require us to give up the opportunity for indirection provided by foo_ptr. Is it "fair" for foo_ptr to be const? If we're interested in the indirection provided by foo_ptr, then no, but if that's the case, then a direct function call is not a valid option either.

If a function pointer is being used to provide useful indirection, then we can move the indirection around or in some cases swap out function pointers for conditionals or even macros, but we can't simply remove it. If we've decided that function pointers are a good approach but performance is a concern, then we typically want to pull indirection up the call stack so that we pay the cost of indirection in an outer loop. For example, in the common case where a function takes a callback and calls it in a loop, we might try moving the innermost loop into the callback (and changing the responsibility of each callback invocation accordingly).