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What is the maximum length of a URL in different browsers? Does it differ among browsers?
Does the HTTP protocol dictate it?
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Short answer - de facto limit of 2000 characters
If you keep URLs under 2000 characters, they'll work in virtually any combination of client and server software.
If you are targeting particular browsers, see below for more details specific limits.
Longer answer - first, the standards...
RFC 2616 (Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP/1.1) section 3.2.1 says
That RFC has been obsoleted by RFC7230 which is a refresh of the HTTP/1.1 specification. It contains similar language, but also goes on to suggest this:
...and the reality
That's what the standards say. For the reality, there was an article on boutell.com (link goes to Internet Archive backup) that discussed what individual browser and server implementations will support. The executive summary is:
(Note: this is a quote from an article written in 2006, but in 2015 IE's declining usage means that longer URLs do work for the majority. However, IE still has the limitation...)
Internet Explorer's limitations...
IE8's maximum URL length is 2083 chars, and it seems IE9 has a similar limit.
I've tested IE10 and the address bar will only accept 2083 chars. You can click a URL which is longer than this, but the address bar will still only show 2083 characters of this link.
There's a nice writeup on the IE Internals blog which goes into some of the background to this.
There are mixed reports IE11 supports longer URLS - see comments below. Given some people report issues, the general advice still stands.
Search engines like URLs < 2048 chars...
Be aware that the sitemaps protocol, which allows a site to inform search engines about available pages, has a limit of 2048 characters in a URL. If you intend to use sitemaps, a limit has been decided for you! (see Calin-Andrei Burloiu's answer below)
There's also some research from 2010 into the maximum URL length that search engines will crawl and index. They found the limit was 2047 chars, which appears allied to the sitemap protocol spec. However, they also found the Google SERP tool wouldn't cope with URLs longer than 1855 chars.
CDNs have limits
CDNs also impose limits on URI length, and will return a
414 Too long requestwhen these limits are reached, for example:(credit to timrs2998 for providing that info in the comments)
Additional browser roundup
I tested the following against an Apache 2.4 server configured with a very large LimitRequestLine and LimitRequestFieldSize.
See also this answer from Matas Vaitkevicius below.
Is this information up to date?
This is a popular question, and as the original research is ~12 years old I'll try to keep it up to date: As of Jan 2020, the advice still stands. Even though IE11 may possibly accept longer URLs, the ubiquity of older IE installations plus the search engine limitations mean staying under 2000 chars is the best general policy.
Limit request line directive sets the maximum length of a URL. By default, it is set to 8190, which gives you a lot of room. However other servers and some browses, limit the length more.
Because all parameters are passed on the URL line, items that were in password of hidden fields will also be displayed in the URL of course. Neither mobile should be used for real security measures and should be considered cosmetic security at best.
WWW FAQs: What is the maximum length of a URL? has its own answer based on empirical testing and research. The short answer is that going over 2048 characters makes Internet Explorer unhappy and thus this is the limit you should use. See the page for a long answer.
Sitemaps protocol, which is a way for webmasters to inform search engines about pages on their sites (also used by Google in Webmaster Tools), supports URLs with less than 2048 characters. So if you are planning to use this feature for Search Engine Optimization, take this into account.
The longest URLs I came across are data URLs
Example image URL from Google image results (11747 characters)
In URL as UI Jakob Nielsen recommends:
This is not the maximum but I'd consider this a practical maximum if you want your URL to be shared.