What is this?

This is a collection of questions that come up every now and then about syntax in PHP. This is also a Community Wiki, so everyone is invited to participate in maintaining this list.

Why is this?

It used to be hard to find questions about operators and other syntax tokens.¹
The main idea is to have links to existing questions on Stack Overflow, so it's easier for us to reference them, not to copy over content from the PHP Manual.

Note: Since January 2013, Stack Overflow does support special characters. Just surround the search terms by quotes, e.g. [php] "==" vs "==="

What should I do here?

If you have been pointed here by someone because you have asked such a question, please find the particular syntax below. The linked pages to the PHP manual along with the linked questions will likely answer your question then. If so, you are encouraged to upvote the answer. This list is not meant as a substitute to the help others provided.

The List

If your particular token is not listed below, you might find it in the List of Parser Tokens.

& Bitwise Operators or References

=& References

&= Bitwise Operators

&& Logical Operators

% Arithmetic Operators

!! Logical Operators

Double not (!!) operator in PHP

@ Error Control Operators

?: Ternary Operator

?? Null Coalesce Operator (since PHP 7)

C#'s null coalescing operator (??) in PHP

?string ?int ?array ?bool ?float Nullable return type declaration (since PHP 7.1)

Nullable return type declaration

: Alternative syntax for control structures, Ternary Operator

:: Scope Resolution Operator

\ Namespaces

-> Classes And Objects

=> Arrays

^ Bitwise Operators

>> Bitwise Operators

What does >> mean in PHP?

<< Bitwise Operators

Strange print behaviour in PHP?

<<< Heredoc or Nowdoc

= Assignment Operators

The 3 different equals

== Comparison Operators

=== Comparison Operators

!== Comparison Operators

!= Comparison Operators

<> Comparison Operators

<=> Comparison Operators (since PHP 7.0)

Spaceship (three way comparison) operator

| Bitwise Operators

|| Logical Operators

~ Bitwise Operators

What does this ~ operator mean here?

+ Arithmetic Operators, Array Operators

+ operator for array in PHP?

+= and -= Assignment Operators

++ and -- Incrementing/Decrementing Operators

.= Assignment Operators

. String Operators

, Function Arguments

Difference between period and comma when concatenating with echo versus return?

, Variable Declarations

What do commas mean in a variable declaration?

$$ Variable Variables

` Execution Operator

What are the backticks `` called?

<?= Short Open Tags

[] Arrays (short syntax since PHP 5.4)

<? Opening and Closing tags

Are PHP short tags acceptable to use?

... Argument unpacking (since PHP 5.6)

** Exponentiation (since PHP 5.6)

# One-line shell-style comment

Can I use hashes for comments in PHP?

:? Nullable return types

php method argument type hinting with question mark (?type)

标签： php arguments operators symbols

18条回答

SAY GOODBYE

2楼-- · 2020-01-22 10:23

Syntax    Name             Description

x == y    Equality         True if x and y have the same key/value pairs
x != y    Inequality       True if x is not equal to y
x === y   Identity         True if x and y have the same key/value pairs
                            in the same order and of the same types
x !== y   Non-identity     True if x is not identical to y
++ x      Pre-increment    Increments x by one, then returns x
x ++      Post-increment   Returns x, then increments x by one
-- x      Pre-decrement    Decrements x by one, then returns x
x --      Post-decrement   Returns x, then decrements x by one
x and y   And              True if both x and y are true x=6 y=3
                           (x < 10 and y > 1) returns true 
x && y    And              True if both x and y are true x=6 y=3
                           (x < 10 && y > 1) returns true
x or y     Or              True if any of x or y are true x=6 y=3
                           (x < 10 or y > 10) returns true 
x || y     Or              True if any of x or y are true x=6 y=3
                           (x < 3 || y > 1) returns true
a . b     Concatenation    Concatenate two strings: "Hi" . "Ha"

0人赞添加讨论(0) 举报

Evening l夕情丶

3楼-- · 2020-01-22 10:25

Bitwise Operator

What is a bit? A bit is a representation of 1 or 0. Basically OFF(0) and ON(1)

What is a byte? A byte is made up of 8 bits and the highest value of a byte is 255, which would mean every bit is set. We will look at why a byte's maximum value is 255.

-------------------------------------------
|      1 Byte ( 8 bits )                  |
-------------------------------------------
|Place Value | 128| 64| 32| 16| 8| 4| 2| 1|     
-------------------------------------------

This representation of 1 Byte

1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 + 128 = 255 (1 Byte)

A few examples for better understanding

The "AND" operator: `&`

$a =  9;
$b = 10;
echo $a & $b;

This would output the number 8. Why? Well let's see using our table example.

-------------------------------------------
|      1 Byte ( 8 bits )                  |
-------------------------------------------
|Place Value | 128| 64| 32| 16| 8| 4| 2| 1|     
-------------------------------------------
|      $a    |   0|  0|  0|  0| 1| 0| 0| 1|    
-------------------------------------------
|      $b    |   0|  0|  0|  0| 1| 0| 1| 0|
------------------------------------------- 
|      &     |   0|  0|  0|  0| 1| 0| 0| 0|
-------------------------------------------

So you can see from the table the only bit they share together is the 8 bit.

Second example

$a =  36;
$b = 103;
echo $a & $b; // This would output the number 36.
$a = 00100100
$b = 01100111

The two shared bits are 32 and 4, which when added together return 36.

The "Or" operator: `|`

$a =  9;
$b = 10;
echo $a | $b;

This would output the number 11. Why?

-------------------------------------------
|      1 Byte ( 8 bits )                  |
-------------------------------------------
|Place Value | 128| 64| 32| 16| 8| 4| 2| 1|     
-------------------------------------------
|      $a    |   0|  0|  0|  0| 1| 0| 0| 1|    
-------------------------------------------
|      $b    |   0|  0|  0|  0| 1| 0| 1| 0|
------------------------------------------- 
|      |     |   0|  0|  0|  0| 1| 0| 1| 1|
-------------------------------------------

You will notice that we have 3 bits set, in the 8, 2, and 1 columns. Add those up: 8+2+1=11.

0人赞添加讨论(0) 举报

走好不送

4楼-- · 2020-01-22 10:28

QUESTION:

What does => mean?

ANSWER:

=> Is the symbol we humans decided to use to separate "Key" => "Value" pairs in Associative Arrays.

ELABORATING:

To understand this, we have to know what Associative Arrays are. The first thing that comes up when a conventional programmer thinks of an array (in PHP) would be something similar to:

$myArray1 = array(2016, "hello", 33);//option 1

$myArray2 = [2016, "hello", 33];//option 2

$myArray3 = [];//option 3
$myArray3[] = 2016; 
$myArray3[] = "hello"; 
$myArray3[] = 33;

Where as, if we wanted to call the array in some later part of the code, we could do:

echo $myArray1[1];// output: hello
echo $myArray2[1];// output: hello
echo $myArray3[1];// output: hello

So far so good. However, as humans, we might find it hard to remember that index [0] of the array is the value of the year 2016, index [1] of the array is a greetings, and index [2] of the array is a simple integer value. The alternative we would then have is to use what is called an Associative Array. An Associative array has a few differences from a Sequential Array (which is what the previous cases were since they increment the index used in a predetermined sequence, by incrementing by 1 for each following value).

Differences (between a sequential and associative array):

Durring the declaration of an Associative Array, you don't only include the value of what you want to put in the array, but you also put the index value (called the key) which you want to use when calling the array in later parts of the code. The following syntax is used during it's declaration: "key" => "value".
When using the Associative Array, the key value would then be placed inside the index of the array to retrieve the desired value.

For instance:

    $myArray1 = array( 
        "Year" => 2016, 
        "Greetings" => "hello", 
        "Integer_value" => 33);//option 1

    $myArray2 = [ 
        "Year" =>  2016, 
        "Greetings" => "hello", 
        "Integer_value" => 33];//option 2

    $myArray3 = [];//option 3
    $myArray3["Year"] = 2016; 
    $myArray3["Greetings"] = "hello"; 
    $myArray3["Integer_value"] = 33;

And now, to receive the same output as before, the key value would be used in the arrays index:

echo $myArray1["Greetings"];// output: hello
echo $myArray2["Greetings"];// output: hello
echo $myArray3["Greetings"];// output: hello

FINAL POINT:

So from the above example, it is pretty easy to see that the => symbol is used to express the relationship of an Associative Array between each of the key and value pairs in an array DURING the initiation of the values within the array.

0人赞添加讨论(0) 举报

聊天终结者

5楼-- · 2020-01-22 10:29

Three DOTS as Splat Operator (...) (since PHP 5.6)

PHP has an operator "..." (Three dots) which is referred as Splat Operator. It is used to pass arbitrary number of parameters in a function and this type of function is called Variadic Functions. Let’s take examples to use of "..." (Three dots).

Example 1:

<?php
function calculateNumbers(...$params){
    $total = 0;
    foreach($params as $v){
        $total = $total + $v;
    }
    return $total;
}

echo calculateNumbers(10, 20, 30, 40, 50);

//Output 150
?>

Each arguments of calculateNumbers() function pass through $params as an array when use "… ".

There are many different ways to use "… " operator. Below some examples:

Example 2:

<?php
function calculateNumbers($no1, $no2, $no3, $no4, $no5){
    $total = $no1 + $no2 + $no3 + $no4 + $no5;
    return $total;
}

$numbers = array(10, 20, 30, 40, 50);
echo calculateNumbers(...$numbers);

//Output 150
?>

Example 3:

<?php
function calculateNumbers(...$params){
    $total = 0;
    foreach($params as $v){
        $total = $total + $v;
    }
    return $total;
}
$no1 = 70;
$numbers = array(10, 20, 30, 40, 50);
echo calculateNumbers($no1, ...$numbers);

//Output 220
?>

Example 4:

<?php
function calculateNumbers(...$params){
    $total = 0;
    foreach($params as $v){
        $total = $total + $v;
    }
    return $total;
}

$numbers1 = array(10, 20, 30, 40, 50);
$numbers2 = array(100, 200, 300, 400, 500);
echo calculateNumbers(...$numbers1, ...$numbers2);

//Output 1650

?>

0人赞添加讨论(0) 举报

Lonely孤独者°

6楼-- · 2020-01-22 10:32

_ Alias for gettext()

The underscore character '_' as in _() is an alias to the gettext() function.

0人赞添加讨论(0) 举报

孤傲高冷的网名

7楼-- · 2020-01-22 10:35

Spaceship Operator `<=>` (Added in PHP 7)

Examples for <=> Spaceship operator (PHP 7, Source: PHP Manual):

Integers, Floats, Strings, Arrays & objects for Three-way comparison of variables.

// Integers
echo 10 <=> 10; // 0
echo 10 <=> 20; // -1
echo 20 <=> 10; // 1

// Floats
echo 1.5 <=> 1.5; // 0
echo 1.5 <=> 2.5; // -1
echo 2.5 <=> 1.5; // 1

// Strings
echo "a" <=> "a"; // 0
echo "a" <=> "b"; // -1
echo "b" <=> "a"; // 1
// Comparison is case-sensitive
echo "B" <=> "a"; // -1

echo "a" <=> "aa"; // -1
echo "zz" <=> "aa"; // 1

// Arrays
echo [] <=> []; // 0
echo [1, 2, 3] <=> [1, 2, 3]; // 0
echo [1, 2, 3] <=> []; // 1
echo [1, 2, 3] <=> [1, 2, 1]; // 1
echo [1, 2, 3] <=> [1, 2, 4]; // -1

// Objects
$a = (object) ["a" => "b"]; 
$b = (object) ["a" => "b"]; 
echo $a <=> $b; // 0

$a = (object) ["a" => "b"]; 
$b = (object) ["a" => "c"]; 
echo $a <=> $b; // -1

$a = (object) ["a" => "c"]; 
$b = (object) ["a" => "b"]; 
echo $a <=> $b; // 1

// only values are compared
$a = (object) ["a" => "b"]; 
$b = (object) ["b" => "b"]; 
echo $a <=> $b; // 1

0人赞添加讨论(0) 举报

1 2 3 下一页

Reference — What does this symbol mean in PHP?

What is this?

Why is this?

What should I do here?

The List

Bitwise Operator

A few examples for better understanding

The "AND" operator: &

The "Or" operator: |

Three DOTS as Splat Operator (...) (since PHP 5.6)

Spaceship Operator <=> (Added in PHP 7)

采纳回答

编辑标签

举报内容

检举类型

检举原因

检举说明(必填)

打开微信“扫一扫”，打开网页后点击屏幕右上角分享按钮

付费偷看金额在0.1-10元之间

The "AND" operator: `&`

The "Or" operator: `|`

Spaceship Operator `<=>` (Added in PHP 7)