C# Unsafe/Fixed Code

Question

Can someone give an example of a good time to actually use "unsafe" and "fixed" in C# code? I've played with it before, but never actually found a good use for it.

Consider this code...

fixed (byte* pSrc = src, pDst = dst) {
    //Code that copies the bytes in a loop
}

compared to simply using...

Array.Copy(source, target, source.Length);

The second is the code found in the .NET Framework, the first a part of the code copied from the Microsoft website, http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/28k1s2k6(VS.80).aspx.

The built in Array.Copy() is dramatically faster than using Unsafe code. This might just because the second is just better written and the first is just an example, but what kinds of situations would you really even need to use Unsafe/Fixed code for anything? Or is this poor web developer messing with something above his head?

Answer 1

This tells me the designers of the .NET framework did a good job of covering the problem space--of making sure the "managed code" environment can do everything a traditional (e.g. C++) approach can do with its unsafe code/pointers. In case it cannot, the unsafe/fixed features are there if you need them. I'm sure someone has an example where unsafe code is needed, but it seems rare in practice--which is rather the point, isn't it? :)

Answer 2

I've used unsafe-blocks to manipulate Bitmap-data. Raw pointer-access is significantly faster than SetPixel/GetPixel.

unsafe
{
    BitmapData bmData = bm.LockBits(...)
    byte *bits = (byte*)pixels.ToPointer();
    // Do stuff with bits
}

"fixed" and "unsafe" is typically used when doing interop, or when extra performance is required. Ie. String.CopyTo() uses unsafe and fixed in its implementation.

Answer 3

It's useful for interop with unmanaged code. Any pointers passed to unmanaged functions need to be fixed (aka. pinned) to prevent the garbage collector from relocating the underlying memory.

If you are using P/Invoke, then the default marshaller will pin objects for you. Sometimes it's necessary to perform custom marshalling, and sometimes it's necessary to pin an object for longer than the duration of a single P/Invoke call.

Answer 4

Unsafe is useful for (for example) getting pixel data out of an image quickly using LockBits. The performance improvement over doing this using the managed API is several orders of magnitude.

Answer 5

I believe unsafe code is used if you want to access something outside of the .NET runtime, ie. it is not managed code (no garbage collection and so on). This includes raw calls to the Windows API and all that jazz.

Answer 6

We had to use a fixed when an address gets passed to a legacy C DLL. Since the DLL maintained an internal pointer across function calls, all hell would break loose if the GC compacted the heap and moved stuff around.