How to find next day's Unix timestamp for same

问题:

In Python, I can find the Unix time stamp of a local time, knowing the time zone, like this (using pytz):

>>> import datetime as DT
>>> import pytz
>>> mtl = pytz.timezone('America/Montreal')
>>> naive_time3 = DT.datetime.strptime('2013/11/03', '%Y/%m/%d')
>>> naive_time3
datetime.datetime(2013, 11, 3, 0, 0)
>>> localized_time3 = mtl.localize(naive_time3)
>>> localized_time3
datetime.datetime(2013, 11, 3, 0, 0, tzinfo=<DstTzInfo 'America/Montreal' EDT-1 day, 20:00:00 DST>)
>>> localized_time3.timestamp()
1383451200.0

So far, so good. naive_time is not aware of the time zone, whereas localized_time knows its midnight on 2013/11/03 in Montréal, so the (UTC) Unix time stamp is good. This time zone is also my local time zone and this time stamp seems right:

$ date -d @1383451200
Sun Nov  3 00:00:00 EDT 2013

Now, clocks were adjusted one hour backward November 3rd at 2:00 here in Montréal, so we gained an extra hour that day. This means that there were, here, 25 hours between 2013/11/03 and 2013/11/04. This shows it:

>>> naive_time4 = DT.datetime.strptime('2013/11/04', '%Y/%m/%d')
>>> localized_time4 = mtl.localize(naive_time4)
>>> localized_time4
datetime.datetime(2013, 11, 4, 0, 0, tzinfo=<DstTzInfo 'America/Montreal' EST-1 day, 19:00:00 STD>)
>>> (localized_time4.timestamp() - localized_time3.timestamp()) / 3600
25.0

Now, I'm looking for an easy way to get the localized_time4 object from localized_time3, knowing I want to get the next localized day at the same hour (here, midnight). I tried timedelta, but I believe it's not aware of time zones or DST:

>>> localized_time4td = localized_time3 + DT.timedelta(1)
>>> localized_time4td
datetime.datetime(2013, 11, 4, 0, 0, tzinfo=<DstTzInfo 'America/Montreal' EDT-1 day, 20:00:00 DST>)
>>> (localized_time4td.timestamp() - localized_time3.timestamp()) / 3600
24.0

My purpose is to get informations about log entries that are stored with their Unix timestamp for each local day. Of course, if I use localized_time3.timestamp() and add 24 * 3600 here (which will be the same as localized_time4td.timestamp()), I will miss all log entries that happened between localized_time4td.timestamp() and localized_time4td.timestamp() + 3600.

In other words, the function or method I'm looking for should know when to add 25 hours, 24 hours or 23 hours sometimes to a Unix time stamp, depending on when DST shifts happen.

回答1:

Without using a new package:

def add_day(x):
    d = x.date()+DT.timedelta(1)
    return mtl.localize(x.replace(year=d.year, month=d.month, day=d.day, tzinfo=None))

Full script:

import datetime as DT
import pytz
import calendar
mtl = pytz.timezone('America/Montreal')
naive_time3 = DT.datetime.strptime('2013/11/03', '%Y/%m/%d')
print repr(naive_time3)
#datetime.datetime(2013, 11, 3, 0, 0)
localized_time3 = mtl.localize(naive_time3)
print repr(localized_time3)
#datetime.datetime(2013, 11, 3, 0, 0, tzinfo=<DstTzInfo 'America/Montreal' EDT-1 day, 20:00:00 DST>)
print calendar.timegm(localized_time3.utctimetuple())
#1383451200.0
def add_day(x):
    d = x.date()+DT.timedelta(1)
    return mtl.localize(x.replace(year=d.year, month=d.month, day=d.day, tzinfo=None))
print repr(add_day(localized_time3))
#datetime.datetime(2013, 11, 4, 0, 0, tzinfo=<DstTzInfo 'America/Montreal' EST-1 day, 19:00:00 STD>)

(calendar is for Python2.)

回答2:

I gradually provide several solutions with the most robust solution at the very end of this answer that tries to handle the following issues:

• utc offset due to DST
• past dates when the local timezone might have had different utc offset due to reason unrelated to DST. dateutil and stdlib solutions fail here on some systems, notably Windows
• ambiguous times during DST (don't know whether Arrow provides interface to handle it)
• non-existent times during DST (the same)

To find POSIX timestamp for tomorrow's midnight (or other fixed hour) in a given timezone, you could use code from How do I get the UTC time of “midnight” for a given timezone?:

from datetime import datetime, time, timedelta
import pytz

DAY = timedelta(1)
tz = pytz.timezone('America/Montreal')

tomorrow = datetime(2013, 11, 3).date() + DAY

midnight = tz.localize(datetime.combine(tomorrow, time(0, 0)), is_dst=None)
timestamp = (midnight - datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)).total_seconds()

dt.date() method returns the same naive date for both naive and timezone-aware dt objects.

The explicit formula for timestamp is used to support Python version before Python 3.3. Otherwise .timestamp() method could be used in Python 3.3+.

To avoid ambiguity in parsing input dates during DST transitions that are unavoidable for .localize() method unless you know is_dst parameter, you could use Unix timestamps stored with the dates:

from datetime import datetime, time, timedelta
import pytz

DAY = timedelta(1)
tz = pytz.timezone('America/Montreal')

local_dt = datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp_from_the_log, tz)
tomorrow = local_dt.date() + DAY

midnight = tz.localize(datetime.combine(tomorrow, time(0, 0)), is_dst=None)
timestamp = (midnight - datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)).total_seconds()

To support other fixed hours (not only midnight):

tomorrow = local_dt.replace(tzinfo=None) + DAY # tomorrow, same time
dt_plus_day = tz.localize(tomorrow, is_dst=None)
timestamp = dt_plus_day.timestamp() # use the explicit formula before Python 3.3

is_dst=None raises an exception if the result date is ambiguous or non-existent. To avoid exception, you could choose the time that is closest to the previous date from yesterday (same DST state i.e., is_dst=local_dt.dst()):

from datetime import datetime, time, timedelta
import pytz

DAY = timedelta(1)
tz = pytz.timezone('America/Montreal')

local_dt = datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp_from_the_log, tz)
tomorrow = local_dt.replace(tzinfo=None) + DAY

dt_plus_day = tz.localize(tomorrow, is_dst=local_dt.dst())
dt_plus_day = tz.normalize(dt_plus_day) # to detect non-existent times                                            
timestamp = (dt_plus_day - datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)).total_seconds()

.localize() respects given time even if it is non-existent, therefore .normalize() is required to fix the time. You could raise an exception here if normalize() method changes its input (non-existent time detected in this case) for consistency with other code examples.

回答3:

(Thanks to @rdodev for pointing me to Arrow).

Using Arrow, this operation becomes easy:

>>> import arrow
>>> import datetime as DT
>>> lt3 = arrow.get(DT.datetime(2013, 11, 3), 'America/Montreal')
>>> lt3
<Arrow [2013-11-03T00:00:00-04:00]>
>>> lt4 = arrow.get(DT.datetime(2013, 11, 4), 'America/Montreal')
>>> lt4
<Arrow [2013-11-04T00:00:00-05:00]>
>>> lt4.timestamp - (lt3.replace(days=1).timestamp)
0
>>> (lt3.replace(days=1).timestamp - lt3.timestamp) / 3600
25.0

Using Arrow's replace method, singular unit names replace that property while plural adds to it. So lt3.replace(days=1) is November 4th, 2013 while lt3.replace(day=1) is November 1st, 2013.

回答4:

Here an alternative based on dateutil:

>>> # In Spain we changed DST 10/26/2013
>>> import datetime
>>> import dateutil.tz
>>> # tzlocal gets the timezone of the computer
>>> dt1 = datetime.datetime(2013, 10, 26, 14, 00).replace(tzinfo=dateutil.tz.tzlocal())
>>> print dt1
2013-10-26 14:00:00+02:00
>>> dt2 = dt1 + datetime.timedelta(1)
>>> print dt2
2013-10-27 14:00:00+01:00
# see if we hace 25 hours of difference
>>> import time
>>> (time.mktime(dt2.timetuple()) - time.mktime(dt1.timetuple())) / 3600.0
25.0
>>> (float(dt2.strftime('%s')) - float(dt1.strftime('%s'))) / 3600   # the same
25.0