在C ++静态构造函数? 我需要初始化私有静态对象(static constructors in

2019-06-17 17:43发布

我想有一类的私人静态数据成员(包含所有AZ字符的向量)。 在Java或C#,我可以做一个“静态构造函数”之前,我做任何类实例将运行,并设置类的静态数据成员。 它只是(因为变量是只读,只需要设置一次),并因为它是类的功能,它可以访问它的私有成员被运行一次。 我可以检查,看看如果向量被初始化构造函数添加代码,如果它不将其初始化,但引入了许多必要的检查,似乎不喜欢这个问题的最佳解决方案。

想到这里发生,我认为自变量将是只读,他们可以是公共静态常量,这样我就可以在类外设置一次他们,但再一次,这似乎有点像一个丑陋的黑客。

是否有可能有私人静态数据成员的一类,如果我不想初始化它们的构造函数?

Answer 1:

为了得到一个静态构造函数相当于,你需要写一个单独的普通类来保存静态数据,然后进行普通类的静态实例。

class StaticStuff
{
     std::vector<char> letters_;

public:
     StaticStuff()
     {
         for (char c = 'a'; c <= 'z'; c++)
             letters_.push_back(c);
     }

     // provide some way to get at letters_
};

class Elsewhere
{
    static StaticStuff staticStuff; // constructor runs once, single instance

};


Answer 2:

那么你可以有

class MyClass
{
    public:
        static vector<char> a;

        static class _init
        {
          public:
            _init() { for(char i='a'; i<='z'; i++) a.push_back(i); }
        } _initializer;
};

不要(在的.cpp)这个忘记:

vector<char> MyClass::a;
MyClass::_init MyClass::_initializer;

该程序仍会链接,没有第二行,但初始化将不会被执行。



Answer 3:

在.h文件:

class MyClass {
private:
    static int myValue;
};

在.cpp文件:

#include "myclass.h"

int MyClass::myValue = 0;


Answer 4:

C ++ 11溶液

由于C ++ 11,你可以简单地使用lambda表达式来初始化静态类成员,即使你需要施加的各种静态成员之间建设一个数量级。

头文件:

class MyClass {
    static vector<char> letters;
    static size_t letterCount;
};

源文件:

vector<char> MyClass::letters = [] {
    vector<char> letters;
    for (char c = 'a'; c <= 'z'; c++)
        letters.push_back(c);
    return letters;
}();

// The initialization order of static members is defined by the order of
// definition within the source file, so we can use MyClass::letters here.
size_t MyClass::letterCount = [] {
    return letters.size();
}();


Answer 5:

这是另一种方法类似,丹尼尔·埃里克的,也采用康拉德·鲁道夫的友元类建议。 在这里,我们使用一个内部的私人朋友的实用工具类初始化主类的静态成员。 例如:

头文件:

class ToBeInitialized
{
    // Inner friend utility class to initialize whatever you need

    class Initializer
    {
    public:
        Initializer();
    };

    friend class Initializer;

    // Static member variables of ToBeInitialized class

    static const int numberOfFloats;
    static float *theFloats;

    // Static instance of Initializer
    //   When this is created, its constructor initializes
    //   the ToBeInitialized class' static variables

    static Initializer initializer;
};

实现文件:

// Normal static scalar initializer
const int ToBeInitialized::numberOfFloats = 17;

// Constructor of Initializer class.
//    Here is where you can initialize any static members
//    of the enclosing ToBeInitialized class since this inner
//    class is a friend of it.

ToBeInitialized::Initializer::Initializer()
{
    ToBeInitialized::theFloats =
        (float *)malloc(ToBeInitialized::numberOfFloats * sizeof(float));

    for (int i = 0; i < ToBeInitialized::numberOfFloats; ++i)
        ToBeInitialized::theFloats[i] = calculateSomeFancyValue(i);
}

这种方法有来自外界完全隐藏初始化类,保持包含在类内的所有内容将被初始化的优势。



Answer 6:

Test::StaticTest()全局静态初始化过程中被调用一次。

来电者只需要一行添加到是要他们的静态构造函数。

static_constructor<&Test::StaticTest>::c; 势力初始化c全局静态初始化过程中。

template<void(*ctor)()>
struct static_constructor
{
    struct constructor { constructor() { ctor(); } };
    static constructor c;
};

template<void(*ctor)()>
typename static_constructor<ctor>::constructor static_constructor<ctor>::c;

/////////////////////////////

struct Test
{
    static int number;

    static void StaticTest()
    {
        static_constructor<&Test::StaticTest>::c;

        number = 123;
        cout << "static ctor" << endl;
    }
};

int Test::number;

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    cout << Test::number << endl;
    return 0;
}


Answer 7:

不需要一个init()函数, std::vector可以从一系列被创建:

// h file:
class MyClass {
    static std::vector<char> alphabet;
// ...
};

// cpp file:
#include <boost/range.hpp>
static const char alphabet[] = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
std::vector<char> MyClass::alphabet( boost::begin( ::alphabet ), boost::end( ::alphabet ) );

但是请注意,在图书馆类类型作祟的是静,所以应尽量避免在那里。

C ++ 11更新

由于C ++ 11,你可以这样做,而不是:

// cpp file:
std::vector<char> MyClass::alphabet = { 'a', 'b', 'c', ..., 'z' };

这是语义上等同于原答案C ++ 98的解决方案,但你不能用一个字符串在右手边,所以它不是完全优越。 但是,如果有任何其它类型的比的矢量charwchar_tchar16_tchar32_t (数组其可以写为字符串)时,C ++ 11版本将严格除去样板代码而不引入其它语法,相比C ++ 98版本。



Answer 8:

静态构造函数的概念在Java中被引入后,他们从C ++的问题的经验教训。 因此,我们有没有直接的等价物。

最好的解决办法是使用可以明确地进行初始化POD类型。
或者让你的静态成员,有它自己的构造函数,将正确初始化它特定的类型。

//header

class A
{
    // Make sure this is private so that nobody can missues the fact that
    // you are overriding std::vector. Just doing it here as a quicky example
    // don't take it as a recomendation for deriving from vector.
    class MyInitedVar: public std::vector<char>
    {
        public:
        MyInitedVar()
        {
           // Pre-Initialize the vector.
           for(char c = 'a';c <= 'z';++c)
           {
               push_back(c);
           }
        }
    };
    static int          count;
    static MyInitedVar  var1;

};


//source
int            A::count = 0;
A::MyInitedVar A::var1;


Answer 9:

当试图编译和使用Elsewhere (由埃里克的答案 )我得到:

error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "private: static class StaticStuff Elsewhere::staticStuff" (?staticStuff@Elsewhere@@0VStaticStuff@@A)

这似乎是不可能的初始化非整数类型的静态属性,而不把一些代码的类定义(CPP)之外。

为了让这个编译您可以使用“ 静态方法与静态局部变量内 ”代替。 事情是这样的:

class Elsewhere
{
public:
    static StaticStuff& GetStaticStuff()
    {
        static StaticStuff staticStuff; // constructor runs once, single instance
        return staticStuff;
    }
};

而且你还可以传递参数给构造或特定值初始化它,它非常灵活,功能强大,易于实现...唯一的事情是你必须包含一个静态变量,而不是一个静态属性的静态方法...大成修改了一下,但还是有用的。 希望这是有用的人,

雨果·冈萨雷斯·卡斯特罗。



Answer 10:

我想简单的解决方案,这将是:

    //X.h
    #pragma once
    class X
    {
    public:
            X(void);
            ~X(void);
    private:
            static bool IsInit;
            static bool Init();
    };

    //X.cpp
    #include "X.h"
    #include <iostream>

    X::X(void)
    {
    }


    X::~X(void)
    {
    }

    bool X::IsInit(Init());
    bool X::Init()
    {
            std::cout<< "ddddd";
            return true;
    }

    // main.cpp
    #include "X.h"
    int main ()
    {
            return 0;
    }


Answer 11:

只要解决了同样的伎俩。 我不得不指定辛格尔顿一个静态成员的定义。 但是,让事情变得更加复杂 - 我已经决定,我不想叫RandClass(),除非我要去使用它的构造函数...这就是为什么我不想在我的代码初始化全球单。 此外,我已经在我的情况下添加简单的接口。

下面是最终代码:

我简化代码和使用rand()函数和它的单个种子initialzer srand()函数

interface IRandClass
{
 public:
    virtual int GetRandom() = 0;
};

class RandClassSingleton
{
private:
  class RandClass : public IRandClass
  {
    public:
      RandClass()
      {
        srand(GetTickCount());
      };

     virtual int GetRandom(){return rand();};
  };

  RandClassSingleton(){};
  RandClassSingleton(const RandClassSingleton&);

  // static RandClass m_Instance;

  // If you declare m_Instance here you need to place
  // definition for this static object somewhere in your cpp code as
  // RandClassSingleton::RandClass RandClassSingleton::m_Instance;

  public:

  static RandClass& GetInstance()
  {
      // Much better to instantiate m_Instance here (inside of static function).
      // Instantiated only if this function is called.

      static RandClass m_Instance;
      return m_Instance;
  };
};

main()
{
    // Late binding. Calling RandClass ctor only now
    IRandClass *p = &RandClassSingleton::GetInstance();
    int randValue = p->GetRandom();
}
abc()
{
    IRandClass *same_p = &RandClassSingleton::GetInstance();
}


Answer 12:

这里是我的埃夫拉伊姆解决方案的变体; 所不同的是,由于隐式模板实例,静态构造函数只有在创建类的实例调用,并且,在没有定义.cpp文件需要(感谢模板实例魔法)。

.h文件,你必须:

template <typename Aux> class _MyClass
{
    public:
        static vector<char> a;
        _MyClass() {
            (void) _initializer; //Reference the static member to ensure that it is instantiated and its initializer is called.
        }
    private:
        static struct _init
        {
            _init() { for(char i='a'; i<='z'; i++) a.push_back(i); }
        } _initializer;

};
typedef _MyClass<void> MyClass;

template <typename Aux> vector<char> _MyClass<Aux>::a;
template <typename Aux> typename _MyClass<Aux>::_init _MyClass<Aux>::_initializer;

.cpp文件,您可以:

void foobar() {
    MyClass foo; // [1]

    for (vector<char>::iterator it = MyClass::a.begin(); it < MyClass::a.end(); ++it) {
        cout << *it;
    }
    cout << endl;
}

需要注意的是MyClass::a被初始化仅当线[1]是存在的,因为调用(和需要的实例化)的构造,然后需要的实例_initializer



Answer 13:

这里的另一种方法,当载体是私有的,它包含通过使用匿名命名空间中的执行文件。 它是这样的事情是私有的,执行查找表有用:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

namespace {
  vector<int> vec;

  struct I { I() {
    vec.push_back(1);
    vec.push_back(3);
    vec.push_back(5);
  }} i;
}

int main() {

  vector<int>::const_iterator end = vec.end();
  for (vector<int>::const_iterator i = vec.begin();
       i != end; ++i) {
    cout << *i << endl;
  }

  return 0;
}


Answer 14:

这当然并不需要像目前公认的答案(由丹尼尔·埃里克)那么复杂。 类是多余的。 有没有必要在这种情况下,一种语言的战争。

.HPP文件:

vector<char> const & letters();

CPP文件:

vector<char> const & letters()
{
  static vector<char> v = {'a', 'b', 'c', ...};
  return v;
}


Answer 15:

GCC报价

__attribute__((constructor))

https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.7.0/gcc/Function-Attributes.html

标签与该属性的静态方法,它会在模块负荷运行,main()之前。



Answer 16:

你同样定义静态成员变量定义成员方法的方式。

foo.h中

class Foo
{
public:
    void bar();
private:
    static int count;
};

Foo.cpp中

#include "foo.h"

void Foo::bar()
{
    // method definition
}

int Foo::count = 0;


Answer 17:

要初始化一个静态变量,你只是一个源文件内这样做。 例如:

//Foo.h
class Foo
{
 private:
  static int hello;
};


//Foo.cpp
int Foo::hello = 1;


Answer 18:

如何创建模板来模仿C#的行为。

template<class T> class StaticConstructor
{
    bool m_StaticsInitialised = false;

public:
    typedef void (*StaticCallback)(void);

    StaticConstructor(StaticCallback callback)
    {
        if (m_StaticsInitialised)
            return;

        callback();

        m_StaticsInitialised = true;
    }
}

template<class T> bool StaticConstructor<T>::m_StaticsInitialised;

class Test : public StaticConstructor<Test>
{
    static std::vector<char> letters_;

    static void _Test()
    {
        for (char c = 'a'; c <= 'z'; c++)
            letters_.push_back(c);
    }

public:
    Test() : StaticConstructor<Test>(&_Test)
    {
        // non static stuff
    };
};


Answer 19:

对于简单的情况下,像这里,裹静态成员函数内部静态变量是几乎一样好。 这是简单的,并且通常由编译器被优化掉。 这并不解决复杂的对象初始化顺序问题虽然。

#include <iostream>

class MyClass 
{

    static const char * const letters(void){
        static const char * const var = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
        return var;
    }

    public:
        void show(){
            std::cout << letters() << "\n";
        }
};


int main(){
    MyClass c;
    c.show();
}


Answer 20:

这是一个解决方案?

class Foo
{
public:
    size_t count;
    Foo()
    {
        static size_t count = 0;
        this->count = count += 1;
    }
};


Answer 21:

静态构造可以通过使用朋友类或如下嵌套类进行仿真。

class ClassStatic{
private:
    static char *str;
public:
    char* get_str() { return str; }
    void set_str(char *s) { str = s; }
    // A nested class, which used as static constructor
    static class ClassInit{
    public:
        ClassInit(int size){ 
            // Static constructor definition
            str = new char[size];
            str = "How are you?";
        }
    } initializer;
};

// Static variable creation
char* ClassStatic::str; 
// Static constructor call
ClassStatic::ClassInit ClassStatic::initializer(20);

int main() {
    ClassStatic a;
    ClassStatic b;
    std::cout << "String in a: " << a.get_str() << std::endl;
    std::cout << "String in b: " << b.get_str() << std::endl;
    a.set_str("I am fine");
    std::cout << "String in a: " << a.get_str() << std::endl;
    std::cout << "String in b: " << b.get_str() << std::endl;
    std::cin.ignore();
}

输出:

String in a: How are you?
String in b: How are you?
String in a: I am fine
String in b: I am fine


Answer 22:

Wow, I can't believe no one mentioned the most obvious answer, and one that most closely mimics C#'s static-constructor behavior, i.e. it doesn't get called until the first object of that type is created.

std::call_once() is available in C++11; if you can't use that, it can be done with a static boolean class-variable, and a compare-and-exchange atomic-operation. In your constructor, see if you can atomically change the class-static flag from false to true, and if so, you can run the static-construction code.

For extra credit, make it a 3-way flag instead of a boolean, i.e. not run, running, and done running. Then all other instances of that class can spin-lock until the instance running the static-constructor has finished (i.e. issue a memory-fence, then set the state to "done running"). Your spin-lock should execute the processor's "pause" instruction, double the wait each time up until a threshold, etc. — pretty standard spin-locking technique.

In the absence of C++11, this should get you started.

Here's some pseudocode to guide you. Put this in your class definition:

enum EStaticConstructor { kNotRun, kRunning, kDone };
static volatile EStaticConstructor sm_eClass = kNotRun;

And this in your constructor:

while (sm_eClass == kNotRun)
{
    if (atomic_compare_exchange_weak(&sm_eClass, kNotRun, kRunning))
    {
        /* Perform static initialization here. */

        atomic_thread_fence(memory_order_release);
        sm_eClass = kDone;
    }
}
while (sm_eClass != kDone)
    atomic_pause();


文章来源: static constructors in C++? I need to initialize private static objects