Ruby class variables

问题:

The ruby class-instance stuff is giving me a headache. I understand given this...

class Foo
  @var = 'bar'
end

...that @var is a variable on the created class's instance.

But how do I create a sub-class overridable class variable?

Here is an example of what I would do in Python:

class Fish:
var = 'fish'
def v(self):
    return self.var

class Trout(Fish):
    var = 'trout'

class Salmon(Fish):
    var = 'salmon'

print Trout().v()
print Salmon().v()

Which outputs:

trout
salmon

How do I do the same thing in ruby?

回答1:

To contrast @khelll's answer, this uses instance variables on the Class objects:

class Fish
  # an instance variable of this Class object
  @var = 'fish'

  # the "getter"
  def self.v
    @var
  end

  # the "setter"
  def self.v=(a_fish)
    @var = a_fish
  end
end

class Trout < Fish
  self.v = 'trout'
end

class Salmon < Fish
  self.v = 'salmon'
end

p Trout.v   # => "trout"
p Salmon.v  # => "salmon"

Edit: to give instances read-access to the class's instance variable:

class Fish
  def type_of_fish
    self.class.v
  end
end

p Trout.new.type_of_fish   # => "trout"
p Salmon.new.type_of_fish  # => "salmon"

回答2:

@var mentioned above is called class instance variable, which is different from instance variables... read the answer here to see the diff.

Anyway this is the equivalent Ruby code:

class Fish
  def initialize
    @var = 'fish'
  end

  def v
    @var
  end
end

class Trout < Fish
  def initialize
    @var = 'trout' 
  end
end

class Salmon < Fish
  def initialize
    @var = 'salmon' 
  end
end

puts Trout.new.v
puts Salmon.new.v

回答3:

Here's the version I ended up figuring out using hobodave's link:

class Fish
  class << self
    attr_accessor :var
  end

  @var = 'fish'
  def v
    self.class.var
  end
end

class Trout < Fish
  @var = 'trout'
end

class Salmon < Fish
  @var = 'salmon'
end

puts (Trout.new).v   # => trout
puts (Salmon.new).v  # => salmon

Notice that subclassing only requires adding an @var -- no need to override initialize.

回答4:

It's a common mistake made by Java coders coming to Ruby as well, and one of the big conceptual jumps I had to get my head around. At first it seems odd, but it's really one of the cooler aspects of Ruby -- all code is executable, including class definitions.

So, instance variables must be declared inside methods. It has to do with how 'self' is evaluated. 'self' is the current object. The interpreter will lookup method calls and variable references first in 'self':

class Fish
    @var = "foo" # here 'self' == Fish, the constant which contains the class object  
    def foo
        # do foo
    end
end

fish = Fish.new
fish.foo # here 'self' == fish, an instance of Fish

In a class definition, 'self' is set to be the class object being defined, so any references within a class definition will refer to that class object, in this case Fish.

When a method is called on an instance of Fish, however, self is set to be the receiver of the call, the particular instance of Fish. So outside of a method definition, self is the class object. Inside a method, self is the instance of the receiver. This is why @var outside of a method definition is more like a static variable in Java, and @var inside a method definition is an instance variable.

回答5:

There is a one problem: you can override @var:
Salmon.var = 'shark' will override @var, so
puts (Salmon.new).v # => shark