Dynamically modify symbol table at runtime (in C)

Is it possible to dynamically modify symbol table at runtime in C (in elf format on Linux)?

My eventual goal is the following:

Inside certain function say foo, I want to override malloc function to my custom handler my_malloc. But outside foo, any malloc should still call to malloc as in glibc.

Note: this is different from LD_PRELOAD which would override malloc during the entire program execution.

Is it possible to dynamically modify symbol table at runtime in C (in elf format on Linux)?

In theory this is possible, but in practice it's too hard to do.

Inside certain function say foo, I want to override malloc function to my custom handler my_malloc. But outside foo, any malloc should still call to malloc as in glibc.

Modifying symbol table (even if it were possible) would not get you to your desired goal.

All calls from anywhere inside your ELF binary (let's assume foo is in the main executable), resolve to the same PLT import slot malloc@plt. That slot is resolved to glibc malloc on the first call (from anywhere in your program, assuming you are not using LD_BIND_NOW=1 or similar). After that slot has been resolved, any further modification to the symbol table will have no effect.

You didn't say how much control over foo you have.

If you can recompile it, the problem becomes trivial:

#define malloc my_malloc
int foo() {
  // same code as before
}
#undef malloc

If you are handed a precompiled foo.o, you are linking it with my_malloc.o, and you want to redirect all calls from inside foo.o from malloc to my_malloc, that's actually quite simple to do at the object level (i.e. before final link).

All you have to do is go through foo.o relocation records, and change the ones that say "put address of external malloc here" to "put address of external my_malloc here".

If foo.o contains additional functions besides foo, it's quite simple to limit the relocation rewrite to just the relocations inside foo.