Git: How to create patches for a merge?

问题:

When I use git format-patch, it doesn't seem to include merges. How can I perform a merge and then e-mail it to someone as a set of patches?

For example, let's say that I merge two branches and perform another commit on top of the merge:

git init

echo "initial file" > test.txt
git add test.txt
git commit -m "Commit A"

git checkout -b foo master
echo "foo" > test.txt
git commit -a -m "Commit B"

git checkout -b bar master
echo "bar" > test.txt
git commit -a -m "Commit C"

git merge foo
echo "foobar" > test.txt
git commit -a -m "Commit M"

echo "2nd line" >> test.txt
git commit -a -m "Commit D"

This creates the following tree:

    B
  /   \
A       M - D 
  \   /
    C

Now I try to checkout the initial commit and replay the above changes:

git checkout -b replay master
git format-patch --stdout master..bar | git am -3

This produces a merge conflict. In this scenario, git format-patch master..bar only produces 3 patches, omitting "Commit M". How do I deal with this?

-Geoffrey Lee

回答1:

If you examine the content of the first two patches you'll see the issue:

diff --git a/test.txt b/test.txt
--- a/test.txt
+++ b/test.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
-initial file
+foo

diff --git a/test.txt b/test.txt
index 7c21ad4..5716ca5 100644
--- a/test.txt
+++ b/test.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
-initial file
+bar

from the perspective of the branch you were working on at the time (foo and bar) both of these commits have removed the "initial file" line and replaced it with something else entirely. AFAIK, there's no way to avoid this kind of conflict when you generate a patch of a non-linear progression with overlapping changes (your branch commits B and C in this case).

People normally use patches to add a single feature or bug fix off a known good prior work state -- the patch protocol is simply not sophisticated enough to handle merge history like Git does natively. If you want someone to see your merge then you need to push/pull between branches not drop back diff/patch.

回答2:

There does not seem to be a solution producing individual commits à la git format-patch, but FWIW, you can format a patch containing the effective merge commit, suitable/compatible with git am:

Apparently, the Git Reference guide provides the first hint:

git log -p show patch introduced at each commit

[...] That means for any commit you can get the patch that commit introduced to the project. You can either do this by running git show [SHA] with a specific commit SHA, or you can run git log -p, which tells Git to put the patch after each commit. [...]

Now, the manual page of git-log gives the second hint:

git log -p -m --first-parent

... Shows the history including change diffs, but only from the "main branch" perspective, skipping commits that come from merged branches, and showing full diffs of changes introduced by the merges. This makes sense only when following a strict policy of merging all topic branches when staying on a single integration branch.

Which in turn means in concrete steps:

# Perform the merge:
git checkout master
git merge feature
... resolve conflicts or whatever ...
git commit

# Format a patch:
git log -p --reverse --pretty=email --stat -m --first-parent origin/master..HEAD > feature.patch

And this can be applied as intended:

git am feature.patch

Again, this won't contain the individual commits, but it produces a git am compatible patch out of a merge commit.

---

Of course, if you don't need a git am compatible patch in the first place, then it's way simpler:

git diff origin/master > feature.patch

But I guess you already figured as much, and if you landed on this page here, you are actually searching for the workaround/solution I've described above. ;)

回答3:

Note that a bare git log -p won't show any patch content for the merge commit "M", but using git log -p -c does coax it out. However, git format-patch doesn't accept any arguments analogous to the -c (or --combined, -cc) accepted by git log.

I too remain stumped.

回答4:

Expanding sun's answer, I came to a command that can produce a series of patches similar to what git format-patch would produce if it could, and that you can feed to git am to produce an history with the individual commits :

git log -p --pretty=email --stat -m --first-parent --reverse origin/master..HEAD | \
csplit -b %04d.patch - '/^From [a-z0-9]\{40\} .*$/' '{*}'
rm xx0000.patch

Patches will be named xx0001.patch to xxLAST.patch

回答5:

Working from Philippe De Muyter's solution I made a version that formats the patches the same way as git-format-patch (as far as I can tell). Just set RANGE to the desired range of commits (e.g. origin..HEAD) and go:

LIST=$(git log --oneline --first-parent --reverse ${RANGE});
I=0;
IFS=$'\n';
for ITEM in ${LIST}; do
    NNNN=$(printf "%04d\n" $I);
    COMMIT=$(echo "${ITEM}" | sed 's|^\([^ ]*\) \(.*\)|\1|');
    TITLE=$(echo "${ITEM}" | sed 's|^\([^ ]*\) \(.*\)|\2|' | sed 's|[ -/~]|-|g' | sed 's|--*|-|g' | sed 's|^\(.\{52\}\).*|\1|');
    FILENAME="${NNNN}-${TITLE}.patch";
    echo "${FILENAME}";
    git log -p --pretty=email --stat -m --first-parent ${COMMIT}~1..${COMMIT} > ${FILENAME};
    I=$(($I+1));
done

Note that if you are using this with git-quiltimport then you will need to exclude any empty merge commits or you will get the error "Patch is empty. Was it split wrong?".