How to set system wide umask?

问题:

I am working in a lab where we are running Linux (Debian and Ubuntu). Usernames and group names are handled by NIS and yp. We have some common users that everybody has access to that run the experiments and then we each have our own users in addition there is a common group that we are all a member of.

How can I make such that all files and directories on the shared /home/ drive (NFS) is read/write(/executable) by user/group? Basically what I want is

chmod -R 664 /home
chgrp -R commongroup /home

or equivalently umask 0002.

But running the above commands only fixes the current files in the folders and umask only works for single users and has to be run every time a user logs in ie. in the .bashrc file (and will this work for changes mode via gnome?). Is there a system wide command or setting that I could use to make sure that our commongroup has write access to the common files?

回答1:

Both Debian and Ubuntu ship with pam_umask. This allows you to configure umask in /etc/login.defs and have them apply system-wide, regardless of how a user logs in.

To enable it, you may need to add a line to /etc/pam.d/common-session reading

session optional pam_umask.so

or it may already be enabled. Then edit /etc/login.defs and change the UMASK line to

UMASK           002

(the default is 022).

Note that users may still override umask in their own ~/.profile or ~/.bashrc or similar, but (at least on new Debian and Ubuntu installations) there shouldn't be any overriding of umask in /etc/profile or /etc/bash.bashrc. (If there are, just remove them.)

回答2:

First, make sure that the pam-modules package is installed. That makes the pam_umask module available. Then make sure that /etc/pam.d/common-session has a line of the form

session optional pam_umask.so

so that pam_umask is enabled.

Now, according to the pam_umask man page, the default umask is determined at login by checking each of the following places, in order:

1. A hard system-wide default set in /etc/pam.d/common-session. To set it this way, replace the line from that file mentioned above with this:

   session optional pam_umask.so umask=002
   

2. An entry in an individual user's GECOS field in /etc/passwd overrides a soft system-wide default for that specific user. Create that entry using a command of the form:

   chfn --other='umask=002' username
   

3. An line of the form UMASK=002 in /etc/default/login (you may need to create that file) sets a soft system-wide default.

4. The UMASK value from /etc/login.defs. That value is also used for something else (computing the permissions on the home directory of a new user that is being created; see the comments in /etc/login.defs for more details). So it is best to avoid relying on this for setting the default umask for regular logins, to keep things separate.

So in your case, you should configure this either in /etc/default/login if you want it to be possible to override the setting for individual users, or set it in /etc/pam.d/common-session as described above if you want it to be the same for all users.

Note that even with the hard default setting, users can still override the default umask manually by using the umask command at the shell prompt or in their .profile script.

Also note that the traditional Unix way to set this default is by adding a umask command to /etc/profile, and that would also still work. But it's not the recommended way to configure things like this on Ubuntu, because that is hard to manage reliably using scripts and GUIs.

Note, unfortunately this stopped working for any application which has been converted to launch via systemd --user.

回答3:

In order to match up the group rights, on the server, the set gid bit (one of the "sticky bits") can be considered as an additional option.

If the shared directory is linked to the group, launching (using root) : chmod -R 2775 folder_for_the_group may be interesting.

For any new file created in the folder, the creator will be the owner, but the group will be automatically specified (as long as the creator is part of the group).

Rights' grid now appears as -rwxrwsr-x+