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问题:

I have a node.js program calling a Postgres (Amazon RDS micro instance) function, get_jobs within a transaction, 18 times a second using the node-postgres package by brianc.

The node code is just an enhanced version of brianc's basic client pooling example, roughly like...

var pg = require('pg');
var conString = "postgres://username:password@server/database";

function getJobs(cb) {
  pg.connect(conString, function(err, client, done) {
    if (err) return console.error('error fetching client from pool', err);
    client.query("BEGIN;");
    client.query('select * from get_jobs()', [], function(err, result) {
      client.query("COMMIT;");
      done(); //call `done()` to release the client back to the pool
      if (err) console.error('error running query', err);
      cb(err, result);
    });
  });
}

function poll() {
  getJobs(function(jobs) {
    // process the jobs
  });
  setTimeout(poll, 55);
}

poll(); // start polling

So Postgres is getting:

2016-04-20 12:04:33 UTC:172.31.9.180(38446):XXX@XXX:[5778]:LOG:  statement: BEGIN;
2016-04-20 12:04:33 UTC:172.31.9.180(38446):XXX@XXX:[5778]:LOG:  execute <unnamed>: select * from get_jobs();
2016-04-20 12:04:33 UTC:172.31.9.180(38446):XXX@XXX:[5778]:LOG:  statement: COMMIT;

... repeated every 55ms.

get_jobs is written with temp tables, something like this

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_jobs (
) RETURNS TABLE (
  ...
) AS 
$BODY$
DECLARE 
  _nowstamp bigint; 
BEGIN

  -- take the current unix server time in ms
  _nowstamp := (select extract(epoch from now()) * 1000)::bigint;  

  --  1. get the jobs that are due
  CREATE TEMP TABLE jobs ON COMMIT DROP AS
  select ...
  from really_big_table_1 
  where job_time < _nowstamp;

  --  2. get other stuff attached to those jobs
  CREATE TEMP TABLE jobs_extra ON COMMIT DROP AS
  select ...
  from really_big_table_2 r
    inner join jobs j on r.id = j.some_id

  ALTER TABLE jobs_extra ADD PRIMARY KEY (id);

  -- 3. return the final result with a join to a third big table
  RETURN query (

    select je.id, ...
    from jobs_extra je
      left join really_big_table_3 r on je.id = r.id
    group by je.id

  );

END
$BODY$ LANGUAGE plpgsql VOLATILE;

I've used the temp table pattern because I know that jobs will always be a small extract of rows from really_big_table_1, in hopes that this will scale better than a single query with multiple joins and multiple where conditions. (I used this to great effect with SQL Server and I don't trust any query optimiser now, but please tell me if this is the wrong approach for Postgres!)

The query runs in 8ms on small tables (as measured from node), ample time to complete one job "poll" before the next one starts.

Problem: After about 3 hours of polling at this rate, the Postgres server runs out of memory and crashes.

What I tried already...

If I re-write the function without temp tables, Postgres doesn't run out of memory, but I use the temp table pattern a lot, so this isn't a solution.
If I stop the node program (which kills the 10 connections it uses to run the queries) the memory frees up. Merely making node wait a minute between polling sessions doesn't have the same effect, so there are obviously resources that the Postgres backend associated with the pooled connection is keeping.
If I run a VACUUM while polling is going on, it has no effect on memory consumption and the server continues on its way to death.
Reducing the polling frequency only changes the amount of time before the server dies.
Adding DISCARD ALL; after each COMMIT; has no effect.
Explicitly calling DROP TABLE jobs; DROP TABLE jobs_extra; after RETURN query () instead of ON COMMIT DROPs on the CREATE TABLEs. Server still crashes.
Per CFrei's suggestion, added pg.defaults.poolSize = 0 to the node code in an attempt to disable pooling. The server still crashed, but took much longer and swap went much higher (second spike) than all the previous tests which looked like the first spike below. I found out later that pg.defaults.poolSize = 0 may not disable pooling as expected.

On the basis of this: "Temporary tables cannot be accessed by autovacuum. Therefore, appropriate vacuum and analyze operations should be performed via session SQL commands.", I tried to run a VACUUM from the node server (as some attempt to make VACUUM an "in session" command). I couldn't actually get this test working. I have many objects in my database and VACUUM, operating on all objects, was taking too long to execute each job iteration. Restricting VACUUM just to the temp tables was impossible - (a) you can't run VACUUM in a transaction and (b) outside the transaction the temp tables don't exist. :P EDIT: Later on the Postgres IRC forum, a helpful chap explained that VACUUM isn't relevant for temp tables themselves, but can be useful to clean up the rows created and deleted from pg_attributes that TEMP TABLES cause. In any case, VACUUMing "in session" wasn't the answer.
DROP TABLE ... IF EXISTS before the CREATE TABLE, instead of ON COMMIT DROP. Server still dies.
CREATE TEMP TABLE (...) and insert into ... (select...) instead of CREATE TEMP TABLE ... AS, instead of ON COMMIT DROP. Server dies.

So is ON COMMIT DROP not releasing all the associated resources? What else could be holding memory? How do I release it?

回答1:

I used this to great effect with SQL Server and I don't trust any query optimiser now

Then don't use them. You can still execute queries directly, as shown below.

but please tell me if this is the wrong approach for Postgres!

It is not a completely wrong approach, it's just a very awkward one, as you are trying to create something that's been implemented by others for a much easier use. As a result, you are making many mistakes that can lead to many problems, including memory leaks.

Compare to the simplicity of the exact same example that uses pg-promise:

var pgp = require('pg-promise')();
var conString = "postgres://username:password@server/database";
var db = pgp(conString);

function getJobs() {
    return db.tx(function (t) {
        return t.func('get_jobs');
    });
}

function poll() {
    getJobs()
        .then(function (jobs) {
            // process the jobs
        })
        .catch(function (error) {
            // error
        });

    setTimeout(poll, 55);
}

poll(); // start polling

Gets even simpler when using ES6 syntax:

var pgp = require('pg-promise')();
var conString = "postgres://username:password@server/database";
var db = pgp(conString);

function poll() {
    db.tx(t=>t.func('get_jobs'))
        .then(jobs=> {
            // process the jobs
        })
        .catch(error=> {
            // error
        });

    setTimeout(poll, 55);
}

poll(); // start polling

The only thing that I didn't quite understand in your example - the use of a transaction to execute a single SELECT. This is not what transactions are generally for, as you are not changing any data. I assume you were trying to shrink a real piece of code you had that changes some data also.

In case you don't need a transaction, your code can be further reduced to:

var pgp = require('pg-promise')();
var conString = "postgres://username:password@server/database";
var db = pgp(conString);

function poll() {
    db.func('get_jobs')
        .then(jobs=> {
            // process the jobs
        })
        .catch(error=> {
            // error
        });

    setTimeout(poll, 55);
}

poll(); // start polling

UPDATE

It would be a dangerous approach, however, not to control the end of the previous request, which also may create memory/connection issues.

A safe approach should be:

function poll() {
    db.tx(t=>t.func('get_jobs'))
        .then(jobs=> {
            // process the jobs

            setTimeout(poll, 55);
        })
        .catch(error=> {
            // error

            setTimeout(poll, 55);
        });
}

回答2:

Use CTEs to create partial result sets instead of temp tables.

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_jobs (
) RETURNS TABLE (
  ...
) AS 
$BODY$
DECLARE 
  _nowstamp bigint; 
BEGIN

  -- take the current unix server time in ms
  _nowstamp := (select extract(epoch from now()) * 1000)::bigint;  

  RETURN query (

    --  1. get the jobs that are due
    WITH jobs AS (

      select ...
      from really_big_table_1 
      where job_time < _nowstamp;

    --  2. get other stuff attached to those jobs
    ), jobs_extra AS (

      select ...
      from really_big_table_2 r
        inner join jobs j on r.id = j.some_id

    ) 

    -- 3. return the final result with a join to a third big table
    select je.id, ...
    from jobs_extra je
      left join really_big_table_3 r on je.id = r.id
    group by je.id

  );

END
$BODY$ LANGUAGE plpgsql VOLATILE;

The planner will evaluate each block in sequence the way I wanted to achieve with temp tables.

I know this doesn't directly solve the memory leak issue (I'm pretty sure there's something wrong with Postgres' implementation of them, at least the way they manifest on the RDS configuration).

However, the query works, it is query planned the way I was intending and the memory usage is stable now after 3 days of running the job and my server doesn't crash.

I didn't change the node code at all.