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问题:

As far as I understand;

sort by only sorts with in the reducer
order by orders things globally but shoves everything into one reducers
cluster by intelligently distributes stuff into reducers by the key hash and make a sort by

So my question is does cluster by guarantee a global order? distribute by puts the same keys into same reducers but what about the adjacent keys?

The only document I can find on this is here and from the example it seems like it orders them globally. But from the definition I feel like it doesn't always do that.

回答1:

A shorter answer: yes, CLUSTER BY guarantees global ordering, provided you're willing to join the multiple output files yourself.

The longer version:

ORDER BY x: guarantees global ordering, but does this by pushing all data through just one reducer. This is basically unacceptable for large datasets. You end up one sorted file as output.
SORT BY x: orders data at each of N reducers, but each reducer can receive overlapping ranges of data. You end up with N or more sorted files with overlapping ranges.
DISTRIBUTE BY x: ensures each of N reducers gets non-overlapping ranges of x, but doesn't sort the output of each reducer. You end up with N or more unsorted files with non-overlapping ranges.
CLUSTER BY x: ensures each of N reducers gets non-overlapping ranges, then sorts by those ranges at the reducers. This gives you global ordering, and is the same as doing (DISTRIBUTE BY x and SORT BY x). You end up with N or more sorted files with non-overlapping ranges.

Make sense? So CLUSTER BY is basically the more scalable version of ORDER BY.

回答2:

Let me clarify first: clustered by only distributes your keys into different buckets, clustered by ... sorted by get buckets sorted.

With a simple experiment (see below) you can see that you will not get global order by default. The reason is that default partitioner splits keys using hash codes regardless of actual key ordering.

However you can get your data totally ordered.

Motivation is "Hadoop: The Definitive Guide" by Tom White (3rd edition, Chapter 8, p. 274, Total Sort), where he discusses TotalOrderPartitioner.

I will answer your TotalOrdering question first, and then describe several sort-related Hive experiments that I did.

Keep in mind: what I'm describing here is a 'proof of concept', I was able to handle a single example using Claudera's CDH3 distribution.

Originally I hoped that org.apache.hadoop.mapred.lib.TotalOrderPartitioner will do the trick. Unfortunately it did not because it looks like Hive partitions by value, not key. So I patch it (should have subclass, but I do not have time for that):

Replace

public int getPartition(K key, V value, int numPartitions) {
    return partitions.findPartition(key);
}

with

public int getPartition(K key, V value, int numPartitions) {
    return partitions.findPartition(value);
}

Now you can set (patched) TotalOrderPartitioner as your Hive partitioner:

hive> set hive.mapred.partitioner=org.apache.hadoop.mapred.lib.TotalOrderPartitioner;

hive> set total.order.partitioner.natural.order=false

hive> set total.order.partitioner.path=/user/yevgen/out_data2

I also used

hive> set hive.enforce.bucketing = true; 

hive> set mapred.reduce.tasks=4;

in my tests.

File out_data2 tells TotalOrderPartitioner how to bucket values. You generate out_data2 by sampling your data. In my tests I used 4 buckets and keys from 0 to 10. I generated out_data2 using ad-hoc approach:

import org.apache.hadoop.util.ToolRunner;
import org.apache.hadoop.util.Tool;
import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configured;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.NullWritable;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.SequenceFile;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveKey;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem;


public class TotalPartitioner extends Configured implements Tool{
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
            ToolRunner.run(new TotalPartitioner(), args);
    }

    @Override
    public int run(String[] args) throws Exception {
        Path partFile = new Path("/home/yevgen/out_data2");
        FileSystem fs = FileSystem.getLocal(getConf());

        HiveKey key = new HiveKey();
        NullWritable value = NullWritable.get();

        SequenceFile.Writer writer = SequenceFile.createWriter(fs, getConf(), partFile, HiveKey.class, NullWritable.class);
        key.set( new byte[]{1,3}, 0, 2);//partition at 3; 1 came from Hive -- do not know why
        writer.append(key, value);
        key.set( new byte[]{1, 6}, 0, 2);//partition at 6
        writer.append(key, value);
        key.set( new byte[]{1, 9}, 0, 2);//partition at 9
        writer.append(key, value);
        writer.close();
        return 0;
    }

}

Then I copied resulting out_data2 to HDFS (into /user/yevgen/out_data2)

With these settings I got my data bucketed/sorted (see last item in my experiment list).

Here is my experiments.

Create sample data

bash> echo -e "1\n3\n2\n4\n5\n7\n6\n8\n9\n0" > data.txt
Create basic test table:

hive> create table test(x int); hive> load data local inpath 'data.txt' into table test;

Basically this table contains values from 0 to 9 without order.

Demonstrate how table copying works (really mapred.reduce.tasks parameter which sets MAXIMAL number of reduce tasks to use)

hive> create table test2(x int);

hive> set mapred.reduce.tasks=4;

hive> insert overwrite table test2 select a.x from test a join test b on a.x=b.x; -- stupied join to force non-trivial map-reduce

bash> hadoop fs -cat /user/hive/warehouse/test2/000001_0

1

5

9
Demonstrate bucketing. You can see that keys are assinged at random without any sort order:

hive> create table test3(x int) clustered by (x) into 4 buckets;

hive> set hive.enforce.bucketing = true;

hive> insert overwrite table test3 select * from test;

bash> hadoop fs -cat /user/hive/warehouse/test3/000000_0

4

8

0
Bucketing with sorting. Results are partially sorted, not totally sorted

hive> create table test4(x int) clustered by (x) sorted by (x desc) into 4 buckets;

hive> insert overwrite table test4 select * from test;

bash> hadoop fs -cat /user/hive/warehouse/test4/000001_0

1

5

9

You can see that values are sorted in ascending order. Looks like Hive bug in CDH3?

Getting partially sorted without cluster by statement:

hive> create table test5 as select x from test distribute by x sort by x desc;

bash> hadoop fs -cat /user/hive/warehouse/test5/000001_0

9

5

1
Use my patched TotalOrderParitioner:

hive> set hive.mapred.partitioner=org.apache.hadoop.mapred.lib.TotalOrderPartitioner;

hive> set total.order.partitioner.natural.order=false

hive> set total.order.partitioner.path=/user/training/out_data2

hive> create table test6(x int) clustered by (x) sorted by (x) into 4 buckets;

hive> insert overwrite table test6 select * from test;

bash> hadoop fs -cat /user/hive/warehouse/test6/000000_0

1

2

0

bash> hadoop fs -cat /user/hive/warehouse/test6/000001_0

3

4

5

bash> hadoop fs -cat /user/hive/warehouse/test6/000002_0

7

6

8

bash> hadoop fs -cat /user/hive/warehouse/test6/000003_0

9

回答3:

CLUSTER BY does not produce global ordering.

The accepted answer (by Lars Yencken) misleads by stating that the reducers will receive non-overlapping ranges. As Anton Zaviriukhin correctly points to the BucketedTables documentation, CLUSTER BY is basically DISTRIBUTE BY (same as bucketing) plus SORT BY within each bucket/reducer. And DISTRIBUTE BY simply hashes and mods into buckets and while the hashing function may preserve order (hash of i > hash of j if i > j), mod of hash value does not.

Here's a better example showing overlapping ranges

http://myitlearnings.com/bucketing-in-hive/

回答4:

As I understand, short answer is No. You'll get overlapping ranges.

From SortBy documentation: "Cluster By is a short-cut for both Distribute By and Sort By." "All rows with the same Distribute By columns will go to the same reducer." But there is no information that Distribute by guarantee non-overlapping ranges.

Moreover, from DDL BucketedTables documentation: "How does Hive distribute the rows across the buckets? In general, the bucket number is determined by the expression hash_function(bucketing_column) mod num_buckets." I suppose that Cluster by in Select statement use the same principle to distribute rows between reducers because it's main use is for populating bucketed tables with the data.

I created a table with 1 integer column "a", and inserted numbers from 0 to 9 there.

Then I set number of reducers to 2 set mapred.reduce.tasks = 2;.

And select data from this table with Cluster by clause select * from my_tab cluster by a;

And received result that I expected:

So, first reducer (number 0) got even numbers (because their mode 2 gives 0)

and second reducer (number 1) got odd numbers (because their mode 2 gives 1)

So that's how "Distribute By" works.

And then "Sort By" sorts the results inside each reducer.

回答5:

Cluster by is per reducer sorting not global. In many books also it is mentioned incorrectly or confusingly. It has got particular use where say you distribute each department to specific reducer and then sort by employee name in each department and do not care abt order of dept no the cluster by to be used and it more perform-ant as workload is distributed among reducers.