Using printf in assembly leads to an empty ouput

问题:

I try to use printf from my assembler code, this is a minimal example which should just print hello to stdout:

.section  .rodata
hello:
    .ascii  "hello\n\0"
.section .text
    .globl _start        
_start:
    movq $hello, %rdi #first parameter
    xorl %eax, %eax #0 - number of used vector registers
    call printf        
#exit   
    movq $60, %rax
    movq $0, %rdi
    syscall

I build it with

gcc -nostdlib try_printf.s -o try_printf -lc

and when I run it, it seems to work: the string hello is printed out and the exit status is 0:

XXX$ ./try_printf
hello
XXX$ echo $?
0
XXX$

But when I try to capture the text, it is obvious, that something is not working properly:

XXX$ output=$(./try_printf) 
XXX$ echo $output

XXX$ 

The variable output should have the value hello, but is empty.

What is wrong with my usage of printf?

回答1:

As Michael explained, it is OK to link the C-library dynamically. This is also how it is introduced in the "Programming bottom up" book (see chapter 8).

However it is important to call exit from the C-library in order to end the program and not to bypass it, which was what I wrongly did by calling exit-syscall. As hinted by Michael, exit does a lot of clean up like flushing streams.

That is what happened: As explained here, the C-library buffers the the standard streams as follows:

1. No buffering for standard error.
2. If standard out/in is a terminal, it is line-buffered.
3. If standard out/in is a not a terminal, it is fully-buffered and thus flush is needed in the end of writing.

Which case applies is decided when printf is called for the first time for a stream.

So if printf_try is called directly in the terminal, the output of the program can be seen because hello has \n at the end (which triggers the flush in the line-buffered mode) and it is a terminal, also the 2. case.

Calling printf_try via $(./printf_try) means that the stdout is no longer a terminal (actually I don't know whether is is a temp file or a memory file) and thus the 3. case is in effect - there is need for an explicit flush i.e. call to C-exit.

回答2:

The C standard library often contains initialization code for the standard I/O streams — initialization code that you're bypassing by defining your own entry point. Try defining main instead of _start:

    .globl main
main:
    # _start code here.

and then build with gcc try_printf.s -o try_printf (i.e., without -nostdlib).